Ground plan of the insect mushroom body: functional and evolutionary implications.
Ground plan of the insect mushroom body: functional and evolutionary implications.
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DOI：
10.1002/cne.21948
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发表时间：
2009-03-20
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Farris SM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Strausfeld NJ;Sinakevitch I;Brown SM;Farris SM
在大多数有嗅球的昆虫中，大脑的每一边都有一个蘑菇体，上面有由嗅觉投射神经元供应的花瓣。凯尼恩细胞为花萼提供树突，为花梗和小叶提供分枝，为其他脑区提供输出。大多数功能研究都是参照这些成分来解释的。然而，蘑菇体的结构是多样的，适应不同的生态环境，可能具有不同的功能。在其衍生的生活方式无法检测到空气中气味的昆虫中，触角叶和花瓣的衰减或丢失。这样的分类群保留了蘑菇体裂片，与配备花萼的蘑菇体的裂片一样精细。触角叶丧失和花唇退化也是典型的分类群，具有短而不取食的成虫，那里嗅觉是多余的。蝉和蚂蚁就是例子，后者代表了有翼昆虫的最基本的谱系。另一个基本分类单元的蘑菇体，蜻蜓，拥有残存的花萼，这可能反映了这个类群的视觉生态。蘑菇体持续存在于次级无嗅觉昆虫的大脑中，这表明它们在嗅觉以外的更高功能中发挥着作用。蘑菇体并不是无处不在的：最基本的活昆虫--无翼古猿--拥有肾小球触角叶，但没有蘑菇体，这表明在获得蘑菇体之前，就有处理空气中气味的能力。始祖鸟的大脑就像高等软体动物的大脑，它们没有蘑菇体，但在大脑的侧面有精心设计的嗅觉中心。
In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. It is with reference to these components that most functional studies are interpreted. However, mushroom body structures are diverse, adapted to different ecologies and likely to serve various functions. In insects whose derived life styles preclude the detection of airborne odorants there is a loss of the antennal lobes and attenuation or loss of the calyces. Such taxa retain mushroom body lobes that as elaborate as those of mushroom bodies equipped with calyces. Antennal lobe loss and calycal regression also typifies taxa with short non-feeding adults where olfaction is redundant. Examples are cicadas and mayflies, the latter representing the most basal lineage of winged insects. Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain.