The effects of maltreatment on the development of young children.
The effects of maltreatment on the development of young children.
复制标题
虐待对幼儿发育的影响。
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511665707.021
复制
发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
R. Pianta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Erickson;B. Egeland;R. Pianta
她在学校的表现非常反复无常。一天她做得很好，第二天她似乎什么都做不了。然后，她通常会变得沮丧，最后把前一天做的工作给毁了。她的行为对学校里的每个人来说都是一个巨大的问题。前一分钟她还很可爱，握着我的手，下一分钟她还在尖叫，还在扔东西。我从来没有见过这样的愤怒！她是一个随时会爆炸的炸弹！--老师描述了一名6岁的虐待受害者，尽管对儿童的严厉对待和不充分的照顾由来已久，但人们普遍认识到虐待儿童是一个社会问题，特别是认识到虐待的持久心理后果，是相对较新的现象。今天被认为是虐待的育儿做法实际上被接受为标准做法，事实上，直到20世纪30年代末，育儿“专家”才推荐这种做法。研究儿童教养趋势的历史学家(例如，德莫斯，1974；纽森和纽森，1974)描述了18世纪对殴打儿童的公开倡导和对严厉、迅速的管教的持续建议，直到本世纪。不仅提倡体罚，而且建议父母采取今天被认为忽视孩子基本心理和身体需求的方式。例如，在1928年，沃森警告母亲们不要对她们的婴儿进行“易怒、多愁善感”的处理。如果婴儿哭了，她或他不应该被抱起来；哭不会伤害婴儿，只会伤害父母倾听。婴儿应该安静、听话，并在早期服从父母的严格管教(Newson和Newson，1974)。
Her school performance is extremely erratic. One day she does fine and the next day she can't seem to do anything. Then she usually becomes frustrated and ends up tearing up the work she did the day before. Her behavior is an enormous problem for everyone in the school. One minute she is sweet and loving, holding my hand, and the next minute she is screaming and throwing things. I have never seen such anger! She is a bomb ready to explode! – Teacher's description of a 6-year-old victim of maltreatment Although harsh treatment and inadequate care of children has a long history, widespread recognition of child maltreatment as a social problem, and particularly recognition of the lasting psychological consequences of maltreatment, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Parenting practices that today are recognized as abusive actually were accepted as standard practice and, in fact, were recommended by childrearing “experts” as recently as the late 1930s. Historians of childrearing trends (e.g., DeMause, 1974; Newson and Newson, 1974) describe open advocacy of child beating into the eighteenth century and continued recommendation of harsh, swift discipline well into this century. Not only was physical punishment advocated, but parents were counseled to behave in ways that today would be considered neglectful of the child's basic psychological and physical needs. For example, in 1928 Watson warned mothers against “mawkish, sentimental” handling of their babies. If a baby cried she or he should not be picked up; crying did not hurt the baby, but only hurt the parent to listen. An infant was expected to be quiet, obedient, and to submit early on to firm parental control (Newson and Newson, 1974).