Is It Good to Cooperate? Testing the Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation in 60 Societies
Is It Good to Cooperate? Testing the Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation in 60 Societies
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DOI：
10.1086/701478
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发表时间：
2019-02-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Whitehouse, Harvey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Curry, Oliver Scott;Mullins, Daniel Austin;Whitehouse, Harvey
道德是什么？世界各地的差异有多大？道德合作理论认为，道德是对人类社会生活中反复出现的合作问题的生物和文化解决方案的集合。道德合作理论借鉴了非零和博弈的理论，以确定合作的不同问题及其解决方案，并预测具体形式的合作行为，包括帮助亲属，帮助你的团队，互惠，勇敢，服从上级，分配有争议的资源，尊重优先占有权，无论它们在哪里出现，在所有文化中，都将被认为是道德上的好。为了验证这些预测，我们调查了60个社会的民族志记录中这七种合作行为的道德效价。我们发现，这些行为的道德效价都是积极的，这些合作道德的大多数在大多数文化中都可以观察到，在世界所有地区的频率都是相等的。我们的结论是，这七种合作行为是普遍的道德规则的合理候选人，道德合作可以提供人类学迄今为止缺乏的统一的道德理论。
What is morality? And to what extent does it vary around the world? The theory of morality-as-cooperation argues that morality consists of a collection of biological and cultural solutions to the problems of cooperation recurrent in human social life. Morality-as-cooperation draws on the theory of non-zero-sum games to identify distinct problems of cooperation and their solutions, and it predicts that specific forms of cooperative behaviorincluding helping kin, helping your group, reciprocating, being brave, deferring to superiors, dividing disputed resources, and respecting prior possessionwill be considered morally good wherever they arise, in all cultures. To test these predictions, we investigate the moral valence of these seven cooperative behaviors in the ethnographic records of 60 societies. We find that the moral valence of these behaviors is uniformly positive, and the majority of these cooperative morals are observed in the majority of cultures, with equal frequency across all regions of the world. We conclude that these seven cooperative behaviors are plausible candidates for universal moral rules, and that morality-as-cooperation could provide the unified theory of morality that anthropology has hitherto lacked.