Spatial Language and the Embedded Listener Model in Parents' Input to Children.
Spatial Language and the Embedded Listener Model in Parents' Input to Children.
复制标题
空间语言和父母对孩子的输入中的嵌入式听众模型。
DOI：
10.1111/cogs.12328
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Landau,Barbara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferrara,Katrina;Silva,Malena;Wilson,Colin;Landau,Barbara
语言是一种合作行为：为了成功地进行交流，说话者必须产生不仅语义有效而且对听者的知识状态敏感的话语。这种敏感性可能反映了“嵌入式听众模型”的使用，即说话者根据听众的概念和语言知识的内部模型选择话语。在这项研究中，我们问父母的空间描述是否包含一个嵌入式的听众模型，反映了他们的孩子的空间关系和空间术语的理解。成年人向他们的孩子或成年实验者描述空间阵列中目标的位置。阵列被设计成除非阵列内的空间关系被编码和描述，否则无法识别目标。3-4岁儿童的父母编码关系的方式与孩子的空间语言水平非常匹配。这些编码不同于那些相同的关系，在讲话的成年实验者（实验1）。与此相反，父母的个人与严重的空间障碍（威廉姆斯综合征）并没有表现出明确的证据，他们的孩子的空间语言水平的敏感性（实验2）。研究结果为空间语言领域的嵌入式听者模型提供了证据，并表明在何种条件下，听者知识模型的能力可能更具挑战性。
Language is a collaborative act: To communicate successfully, speakers must generate utterances that are not only semantically valid but also sensitive to the knowledge state of the listener. Such sensitivity could reflect the use of an “embedded listener model,” where speakers choose utterances on the basis of an internal model of the listener's conceptual and linguistic knowledge. In this study, we ask whether parents’ spatial descriptions incorporate an embedded listener model that reflects their children's understanding of spatial relations and spatial terms. Adults described the positions of targets in spatial arrays to their children or to the adult experimenter. Arrays were designed so that targets could not be identified unless spatial relationships within the array were encoded and described. Parents of 3–4‐year‐old children encoded relationships in ways that were well‐matched to their children's level of spatial language. These encodings differed from those of the same relationships in speech to the adult experimenter (Experiment 1). In contrast, parents of individuals with severe spatial impairments (Williams syndrome) did not show clear evidence of sensitivity to their children's level of spatial language (Experiment 2). The results provide evidence for an embedded listener model in the domain of spatial language and indicate conditions under which the ability to model listener knowledge may be more challenging.