Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans.
Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnmol.2012.00050
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Lebourgeois MK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wright KP;Lowry CA;Lebourgeois MK
在一天24小时的过程中，认知和情感过程是不同的。人类认知中的时间依赖变化是由一个内部昼夜节律计时系统以近24小时为周期调节的。人类昼夜节律计时系统与睡眠-觉醒调节过程相互作用，调节大脑觉醒、神经认知和情感功能。脑觉醒是由上行脑干、基底前脑（BF）和下丘脑觉醒系统调节的，这些系统的抑制或破坏会降低脑觉醒，损害认知，促进睡眠。内部昼夜节律计时系统通过位于下丘脑视交叉上核（SCN）的主昼夜节律时钟投射到唤醒和睡眠系统，并通过脑组织中的时钟基因振荡来调节认知和情感功能。了解昼夜节律和清醒-睡眠生理学的基本原理有助于认识昼夜节律系统如何调节人类认知并影响学习、记忆和情感。睡眠和昼夜节律过程的发育变化以及昼夜节律睡眠障碍中的昼夜节律失调对学习、记忆和情绪具有重要意义。总的来说，当清醒发生在适当的内部生物时间时，生物钟在整个生命周期中有益于人类的认知和情感功能。然而，当由于环境压力(如上学时间早、工作时间长（包括夜间工作、倒班工作、时差）或昼夜节律睡眠障碍而在不合适的生物时间出现觉醒时，昼夜节律与觉醒-睡眠生理学之间的不协调会导致认知表现、学习、情绪和安全受损。
Cognitive and affective processes vary over the course of the 24 h day. Time of day dependent changes in human cognition are modulated by an internal circadian timekeeping system with a near-24 h period. The human circadian timekeeping system interacts with sleep-wakefulness regulatory processes to modulate brain arousal, neurocognitive and affective function. Brain arousal is regulated by ascending brain stem, basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamic arousal systems and inhibition or disruption of these systems reduces brain arousal, impairs cognition, and promotes sleep. The internal circadian timekeeping system modulates cognition and affective function by projections from the master circadian clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), to arousal and sleep systems and via clock gene oscillations in brain tissues. Understanding the basic principles of circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology can help to recognize how the circadian system modulates human cognition and influences learning, memory and emotion. Developmental changes in sleep and circadian processes and circadian misalignment in circadian rhythm sleep disorders have important implications for learning, memory and emotion. Overall, when wakefulness occurs at appropriate internal biological times, circadian clockwork benefits human cognitive and emotion function throughout the lifespan. Yet, when wakefulness occurs at inappropriate biological times because of environmental pressures (e.g., early school start times, long work hours that include work at night, shift work, jet lag) or because of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, the resulting misalignment between circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology leads to impaired cognitive performance, learning, emotion, and safety.