Security Forces and Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of a Principal—Agent Argument
Security Forces and Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of a Principal—Agent Argument
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安全部队和性暴力：委托代理争论的跨国分析
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Neil J. Mitchell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Christopher Butler;Tali Gluch;Neil J. Mitchell
本文调查了政府安全部队实施的性暴力行为。它集中在授权问题上。它使用委托代理逻辑来理解这些部队实施的性暴力，并建立一个跨国的实证分析。这篇文章提供了一种衡量政治系统中特工自由裁量权数量的方法，并分析了关于警察和安全部队实施强奸和性暴力的新的跨国数据。有人认为，性暴力是一种侵犯人权的行为，更有可能归因于特工的自私动机，而且这种行为很可能是隐藏的。本文将这些行为最有可能发生的条件确定为冲突条件、全系统松散的官僚控制以及对信息和组织的限制。这一理论论证符合人权文献中早先的发现，如民主和冲突的重要性，同时将注意力引向动机、问责，并首次在人权系统分析中注意到性暴力这一特定问题。关于2003年性暴力发生率的跨国数据的使用为理论论证提供了初步支持。在控制了可能增加性暴力发生率的因素后，如军队规模和种族分裂，研究发现，在特工更负责任并受到更严格控制的地方，性暴力的可能性较小。最后，文章指出，随着时间的推移，必须与其他人权和冲突数据集保持一致，收集更多的数据，并根据理论论证和分析得出一些政策影响。
This article investigates sexual violence committed by government security forces. It focuses on the issue of delegation. It uses principal—agent logic to understand sexual violence committed by these forces and to set up a cross-national empirical analysis. The article provides an approach to measuring the amount of agent discretion in a political system and an analysis of new cross-national data on the incidence of rape and sexual violence committed by police and security forces. It is argued that sexual violence is a category of human rights violation that is more likely to be attributable to the selfish motivations of agents, and it is an act that is likely to be hidden. This article identifies the conditions under which these acts are most likely to occur as conditions of conflict, system-wide slack bureaucratic control, and where there are constraints on information and organization. The theoretical argument makes sense of earlier findings in the human rights literature, such as the importance of democracy and conflict, while directing attention to motivations, accountability, and, for the first time in systematic analyses of human rights, to the particular issue of sexual violence. The use of cross-national data on the incidence of sexual violence for the year 2003 provides preliminary support for the theoretical argument. After controlling for factors likely to increase the incidence of sexual violence, such as military size and ethnic fractionalization, it is found that, where agents are more accountable and subject to tighter control, sexual violence is less likely. Finally, the article points to the importance of additional data collection over time, consistent with other human rights and conflict datasets, and draws out some policy implications following from the theoretical argument and analysis.