Neuroimmune Regulation in Immunocompetence, Acute Illness, and Healing
Neuroimmune Regulation in Immunocompetence, Acute Illness, and Healing
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03975.x
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Kovacs, Kalman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Berczi, Istvan;Quintanar-Stephano, Andres;Kovacs, Kalman
适应性免疫能力由生长激素 (GH)、催乳素 (PRL) 和加压素 (VP) 维持。先天或天然的免疫能力取决于细胞因子、激素（尤其是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的激素）和儿茶酚胺。急性期反应（APR，或急性发热性疾病）是一种紧急防御反应，适应性 T 细胞依赖性免疫反应被抑制，先天免疫功能显着增强。感染和各种形式的损伤都会诱发 APR。细胞因子 [白细胞介素 (IL)-1 beta、肿瘤坏死因子-α 和 IL-6] 刺激促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素 (CRH) 和 VP 分泌并引起“交感神经流出”。集落刺激因子激活白细胞。 CRH 是垂体肾上腺皮质轴的强大激活剂，可提高糖皮质激素 (GC) 水平。细胞因子、GC 和儿茶酚胺在增强自然免疫防御机制中发挥着重要作用。 VP现阶段支持APR。然而，VP 仍然活跃，并且升高的时间比 CRH 更长。在慢性炎症性疾病期间，VP 升高，但 CRH 升高。 VP 控制适应性免疫功能并刺激促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH) 和 PRL 分泌。 PRL 维持胸腺和 T 细胞依赖性适应性免疫系统的功能。 ACTH-肾上腺轴刺激自然免疫和抑制/调节性 T 细胞，从而抑制适应性免疫系统。 VP还对淋巴细胞有直接影响，其意义仍有待阐明。建议 VP 调节急性疾病的恢复过程。
Adaptive immunocompetence is maintained by growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and vasopressin (VP). Innate or natural immunocompetence depends on cytokines, hormones (especially of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis), and catecholamines. The acute phase response (APR, or acute febrile illness) is an emergency defense reaction whereby the adaptive, T cell-dependent, immune reactions are suppressed and the innate immune function is dramatically amplified. Infection and various forms of injury induce APR. Cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6] stimulate corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and VP secretion and cause a "sympathetic outflow." Colony-stimulating factors activate leukocytes. CRH is a powerful activator of the pituitary adrenocortical axis and elevates glucocorticoid (GC) levels. Cytokines, GCs, and catecholamines play fundamental roles in the amplification of natural immune defense mechanisms. VP supports the APR at this stage. However, VP remains active and is elevated for a longer period than is CRH. VP, but not CRH, is elevated during chronic inflammatory diseases. VP controls adaptive immune function and stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and PRL secretion. PRL maintains the function of the thymus and of the T cell-dependent adaptive immune system. The ACTH-adrenal axis stimulates natural immunity and of suppressor/regulatory T cells, which suppress the adaptive immune system. VP also has a direct effect on lymphoid cells, the significance of which remains to be elucidated. It is suggested that VP regulates the process of recovery from acute illness.