Investigation and Prosecution of Large-Scale Crimes at the International Level: The Experience of the Icty
Investigation and Prosecution of Large-Scale Crimes at the International Level: The Experience of the Icty
复制标题
国际层面大规模犯罪的调查和起诉：前南问题国际法庭的经验
DOI：
10.1093/jicj/mql032
复制
发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
C. Ponte
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Ponte
虽然在国际一级起诉大规模犯罪与在国家一级起诉有组织犯罪有一些相似之处，但有一些重要的区别使这两个领域很难比较。在这方面，国际刑事诉讼有两个显著特点：㈠没有任何执法机构允许检察机关在没有其协助的情况下在有关国家境内进行调查，也没有执行这种逮捕的一般权力，（二）国际刑事法庭的程序模式是混合的，其中含有司法管辖的要素，（普通法）和审问（民法）制度。就起诉而言，从两种法律的传统中采用的有用概念和程序可在《规约》、《程序和证据规则》以及检察官、辩护律师和法官对提出证据的态度中，以及更一般地说，对进行诉讼的方式中找到。这方面的一个主要例子是，由于大陆法传统的影响，接受以口头证据以外的方式证明事实，这一传统已逐渐进入前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭（前南问题国际法庭）的程序制度。然而，另一方面，在国家刑事起诉中通常采用的一些方法在国际一级可能是有用的，例如求助于内部证人。虽然国内制度知道这种做法，但在起诉国际罪行方面可能具有特别重要的意义。参与犯罪的其他形式（如共同犯罪事业的概念）也是如此。只有将传统的和创新的调查工具结合起来，并适当平衡不同的法律的文化，才能确保有效起诉国际罪行。
Although the prosecution of large-scale crimes at the international level shares some similarities to the prosecution of organized crime at the national level, there are a number of important differences that make the two areas hardly comparable. Two distinctive traits of international criminal proceedings stand out in this regard: (i) the lack of any enforcement agency that would allow prosecuting authorities to carry out investigations on the territory of an interested state without its assistance and the absence of a general power to carry out such arrests, which render state cooperation of prime importance and (ii) the fact that the procedural model of international criminal tribunals is mixed containing elements of accusatorial (common law) as well as inquisitorial (civil law) systems. As far as prosecutions are concerned, useful concepts and procedures adopted from both legal traditions can be found in the Statute, the Rules of Procedure and Evidence as well as in the approach of prosecutors, defence counsel and judges to the introduction of evidence and, more generally, to the manner in which proceedings are conducted. One of the main examples of this is the acceptance of proof of facts by means other than oral evidence as a result of the influence of the civil law tradition, which has progressively made its way in the procedural system of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Yet, on the other hand, some methods normally resorted to in national criminal prosecution may turn out to be useful at the international level, such as resorting to insider witnesses. Although known to domestic systems, such practice may have a particular significance in the context of the prosecution of international crimes. So have additional forms of criminal participation (such as the notion of joint criminal enterprise). Only a mixing of traditional and innovative investigative tools and the proper balance of the different legal cultures can ensure effective prosecution of international crimes.