Physiological responses to exercise at altitude - An update
Physiological responses to exercise at altitude - An update
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DOI：
10.2165/00007256-200838010-00001
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Mazzeo, Robert S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mazzeo, Robert S.
在过去十年中进行的研究已经产生了与短期和长期高海拔暴露引起的生理和代谢调整有关的新信息。这些研究已经检查了在休息时和不同强度的运动期间观察到的心率、每搏输出量、心输出量、肌肉血流量、底物利用和线粒体功能等关键变量变化的潜在机制。此外，与“乳酸悖论”相关的发生和机制继续引起研究人员的兴趣。很明显，暴露于高海拔是一种环境应激源，激发了强大的交感肾上腺反应，有助于上述许多关键的调整和适应。此外，由于已知这些重要的生理适应中的一些可以增强表现，因此将高海拔生活/训练的一个方面纳入耐力运动员的训练方案（例如，“高海拔生活-低海拔训练”）已经变得流行。最后，重要的是要注意到，许多因素影响个人调整和适应暴露于高海拔所施加的压力的程度。其中包括（i）缺氧程度;（ii）暴露于缺氧条件的持续时间;（iii）运动强度（绝对与相对工作量）;和（iv）适应缺氧环境的个体间差异（“应答者”与“无应答者”）。
Studies performed over the past decade have yielded new information related to the physiological and metabolic adjustments made in response to both short- and long-term high-altitude exposure. These investigations have examined the potential mechanisms responsible for the alterations observed in such key variables as heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, muscle blood flow, substrate utilization and mitochondrial function, both at rest and during exercise of varying intensities. Additionally, the occurrence and mechanisms related to the 'lactate paradox' continues to intrigue investigators. It is apparent that exposure to high altitude is an environmental stressor that elicits a robust sympathoadrenal response that contributes to many of the critical adjustments and adaptations mentioned above. Furthermore, as some of these important physiological adaptations are known to enhance performance, it has become popular to incorporate an aspect of altitude living/training into the training regimens of endurance athletes (e.g. 'live high-train low'). Finally, it is important to note that many factors influence the extent to which individuals adjust and adapt to the stress imposed by exposure to high altitude. Included among these are (i) the degree of hypoxia; (ii) the duration of exposure to hypoxic conditions; (iii) the exercise intensity (absolute vs relative workload); and (iv) the inter-individual variability in adapting to hypoxic environments ('responders' vs 'non-responders').