Evolutionary insights from behavioural geography: plasticity, evolution, and responses to rapid environmental change
Evolutionary insights from behavioural geography: plasticity, evolution, and responses to rapid environmental change
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行为地理学的进化见解：可塑性、进化和对快速环境变化的反应
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
S. Foster
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作者：
S. Foster
背景资料：物种与复杂的生态地理往往表现出模式的行为变化，似乎反映在选择压力的变化，而在其他情况下，人口的差异并不明显适应。这种变异的遗传和环境原因是多种多样的，即使表型相似，也可能在地理上有所不同。问题：地理变异如何提供对基本进化过程的洞察？行为的地理差异如何为种群和物种对快速环境变化的反应提供新的见解？研究方法：三棘鱼（Gasterosteus aculeatus）包括，部分，冰后期适应性辐射，海洋鱼类引起了多样性的独立衍生的淡水种群。我们的理解的变化的原因，并在这种辐射的行为变化的基础是用来提供深入了解进化过程，并提供方向的研究可能演变的人口在应对快速的环境变化介导的行为。行为被认为是特别重要的，因为它表现出显着的可塑性，可能会影响进化过程。行为和进化过程：行为的可塑性可以促进或限制进化，并可以增强种群的持久性。可塑性的模式可以进化，但同样，未表达的行为特征也可以长期存在，随着环境的变化而重新出现。重新出现的特征可能看起来是新奇的，而不是古老的，最近未表达的特征。行为和对快速环境变化的反应：在分布广泛、地理位置复杂的种群中，行为可能存在显著的区域差异。不同地区相似的表型可能有不同的遗传和可塑性基础，结果是不同地区的人口可能对环境变化有不同的反应。行为介导的进化反应可能很难检测，但评估是至关重要的。
Background: Species with complex phylogeographies often exhibit patterns of behavioural variation that appear to mirror variation in selective pressures, whereas in other cases population differences are not clearly adaptive. The genetic and environmental causes of this variation are diverse, and are likely to vary geographically even when phenotypes are similar. Questions: How can geographic variation provide insight into fundamental evolutionary processes? In what ways can geographic variation in behaviour provide novel insights into the responses of populations and species to rapid environmental change? Methods: The threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) comprises, in part, a postglacial adaptive radiation in which ocean fish have given rise to a diversity of independently derived freshwater populations. Our understanding of the causes of variation in, and the underpinnings of behavioural variation in this radiation is used to provide insights into evolutionary processes and to provide direction for research on the likely evolution of populations in response to rapid environmental change as mediated by behaviour. Behaviour is considered to be of special importance because it exhibits remarkable plasticity that is likely to influence the evolutionary process. Behaviour and the evolutionary process: The plasticity of behaviour can facilitate or constrain evolution and can enhance population persistence. Patterns of plasticity can evolve, but equally, unexpressed behavioural traits also can persist for long periods, re-emerging as environments change. Re-emergent traits can appear to be novelties, rather than ancient, recently unexpressed traits. Behaviour and responses to rapid environmental change: Remarkable regional variation in behaviour can exist in widespread, phylogeographically complex populations. Similar phenotypes in different regions can have different genetic and plastic underpinnings, with the outcome that populations in different regions are likely to have different responses to environmental change. Behavioural mediation of evolutionary responses is likely to be difficult to detect but is critical to evaluate.