Ethnomethodology and the human sciences: Method: measurement – ordinary and scientific measurement as ethnomethodological phenomena
Ethnomethodology and the human sciences: Method: measurement – ordinary and scientific measurement as ethnomethodological phenomena
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民族方法论和人文科学：方法：测量——作为民族方法论现象的普通和科学测量
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511611827.006
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发表时间：
1991
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
M. Lynch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Lynch
科学中的测量传统上被定义为对所研究的对象或事件的基本属性分配数字（或在某些定义中，数字）（Kyburg 1984）。一旦建立了数字和客观属性之间的这种对应关系，就可以通过数学运算来操纵数字，并将结果分配回测量的现象。经典的测量概念可以被详细阐述为包括几何模型调解理论和数据之间的解释关系的整个技术范围：“使用几何，物理理论的抽象对象和事件被组成模型，这些模型给出了现实的图片，并用于通过实验和非实验研究将理论与感觉联系起来。（Wilier，1984：243）.这种扩大的衡量定义包含了一系列比简单地将数字附加到客观属性上更复杂的做法。一个“解释图”或模型的构建阐明了理论表达与经验性质相一致的相关性。一个模型的组成符号和图像可以使一系列模型的逐步概括，用于映射和测量不同的现象。尽管它强调模型对理论的依赖性，但这个定义保留了经典的测量概念，即把象征性的意象和“我们从世界上接收到的少量信息”结合在一起（Wilier，1984：247）。社会科学家普遍认为，测量是根据数学符号和经验数据之间的内在同构来构建的（及其有效性评估）。即使是社会科学中测量实践的批评者也经常承认，自然科学是幸运的。
Measurement in science traditionally is defined as an assignment of numbers (or, in some definitions, numerals) to fundamental attributes of an object or event studied (Kyburg 1984). Once such a correspondence between numbers and objective properties is established, the numbers can be manipulated via mathematical operations and the results assigned back to the measured phenomena. The classic conception of measurement can be elaborated to include the entire range of techniques through which geometric models mediate the interpretive relationship between theory and data:'Using a geometry, the abstract objects and events of physical theory are composed into models which give a picture of reality and which are used to connect theory by experimental and nonexperimental investigation to sense impressions'(Wilier, 1984: 243).This broadened definition of measurement comprehends a more complex array of practices than simply attaching numbers to objective attributes. The construction of an'interpreted diagram'or model articulates the relevancies under which theoretical expressions are brought into correspondence with empirical properties. A model's constituent symbols and imagery can enable progressive generalisation of a family of models for mapping and measuring diverse phenomena. Despite its emphasis on the dependence of models on theory, this definition retains the classic concept of measurement as a bringing together of symbolic imagery and'small bits of information which we receive from the world'(Wilier, 1984: 247). The idea that measurement is constructed (and its validity assessed) in terms of an inherent isomorphism between mathematical symbols and empirical data is widely assumed by social scientists. Even critics of measurement practices in the social sciences often avow that the natural sciences are blessed with