Enhancing Informal Social Controls to Reduce Crime: Evidence from a Study of Crime Hot Spots.
Enhancing Informal Social Controls to Reduce Crime: Evidence from a Study of Crime Hot Spots.
复制标题
加强非正式社会控制以减少犯罪：犯罪热点研究的证据。
DOI：
10.1007/s11121-020-01194-4
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wilson,DavidB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Weisburd,David;White,Clair;Wire,Sean;Wilson,DavidB
越来越多的证据表明，犯罪强烈集中在微观地理热点地区，这一事实导致了热点警务项目的广泛使用。这类项目通常侧重于由于警察的存在或热点地区的其他执法干预而产生的威慑。然而，初步的基础研究表明，非正式的社会控制也可能是在高犯罪率街道减少犯罪的重要机制。由于缺乏关于居民的社会和态度特征的数据，以及缺乏微观地理层面的人口普查信息，这类研究一直受到阻碍。我们的研究在马里兰州巴尔的摩进行，对449个居住街道路段进行了抽样，通过收集平均8次调查(N= 3738)以及对所研究路段的物理观察，克服了这些限制。这一独特的初级数据收集使我们能够在微观地理层面制定第一个直接的集体效能指标，以及关于其他可能的犯罪风险和保护因素的各种指标。使用多水平负二项回归模型，我们还考虑了社区层面的影响，并对犯罪热点进行过抽样，以允许跨街道进行稳健的比较。我们的研究证实了人口规模和商业活动等街道机会特征在理解犯罪方面的重要性，但也表明，通过集体效能反映的非正式社会控制是理解高犯罪率街道犯罪的关键。我们认为，现在是时候让警方、其他城市机构和非政府组织开始合作，考虑如何利用非正式的社会控制来减少住宅犯罪热点地区的犯罪。
There is growing evidence that crime is strongly concentrated in micro-geographic hot spots, a fact that has led to the wide-scale use of hot spots policing programs. Such programs are ordinarily focused on deterrence due to police presence, or other law enforcement interventions at hot spots. However, preliminary basic research studies suggest that informal social controls may also be an important mechanism for crime reduction on high crime streets. Such research has been hindered by a lack of data on social and attitudinal characteristics of residents, and the fact that census information is not available at the micro-geographic level. Our study, conducted in Baltimore, MD, on a sample of 449 residential street segments, overcame these limitations by collecting an average of eight surveys (N= 3738), as well as physical observations, on segments studied. This unique primary data collection allowed us to develop the first direct indicators of collective efficacy at the micro-geographic level, as well as a wide array of indicators of other possible risk and protective factors for crime. Using multilevel negative binomial regression models, we also take into account community-level influences, and oversample crime hot spots to allow for robust comparisons across streets. Our study confirms the importance of opportunity features of streets such as population size and business activity in understanding crime, but also shows that informal social controls, as reflected by collective efficacy, are key for understanding crime on high crime streets. We argue that it is time for police, other city agencies, and NGOs to begin to work together to consider how informal social controls can be used to reduce crime at residential crime hot spots.