Compliant walking in primates
Compliant walking in primates
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DOI：
10.1017/s0952836999006020
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发表时间：
1999-06-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Schmitt, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schmitt, D
现在已经认识到，陆生哺乳动物在运动过程中通过采用伸展肢体的姿势，尽管身体大小存在巨大差异，但仍能保持相等的骨应力。然而，这种动态解决方案并不适用于所有哺乳动物。中型和大型的树栖哺乳动物，如灵长类动物，必须保持相对纤细和移动的四肢，以便在一个不连续的树栖环境中操纵。但它们也必须使用弯曲（即蹲下）的肢体位置，以保持平衡的树基，从而使其纤细的肢体相对较高的负荷。为了确定灵长类动物是如何解决运动学和形态学之间的冲突的，我们用侧面、正面和头顶摄像机对五种旧大陆猴子进行了录像，让它们以一定的自然速度沿着跑道和装有测力平台的水平杆行走。前肢的运动学和动力学数据表明，在树栖四足动物中，旧大陆猴在与地面相比的树栖支撑物上旅行时确实会蹲下。同时，它们降低了垂直峰值反作用力，从而降低并重新定向峰值合成基底反作用力，使得杆和地面上的力矩臂和力矩大致相等。这是通过采用顺应性行走步态来实现的，该步态的特征在于高度前肢前伸、大量肘部屈服、身体的低垂直振荡和长接触时间。在哺乳动物中，使用顺从的行走步态似乎是极其罕见的，并且最有可能与灵长类动物最初对末端分支上的四足运动的适应有关。这种步态代表了一种以前未被认识到的动态姿势机制，用于在树木和陆地环境中维持相似的骨应力和安全系数。
It is now well recognized that terrestrial mammals can maintain equivalent bone stresses despite dramatic differences in body size through the adoption of extended limb positions during locomotion. However, this dynamic solution is not available to all mammals. Medium- and large-bodied arboreal mammals, such as anthropoid primates, must maintain relatively gracile and mobile limbs in order to manoeuvre in a discontinuous arboreal environment. But they must also use flexed (i.e. crouched) limb positions in order to maintain balance on arboreal substrates, thus subjecting their gracile limbs to relatively high loads. To determine how primates resolve this conflict between their kinematics and their morphology, five species of Old World monkeys were videotaped with lateral, frontal, and overhead cameras while they walked at a range of natural speeds along a runway and raised horizontal poles instrumented with a force platform. Kinematic and kinetic data on the forelimb show that during arboreal quadrupedalism, Old World monkeys do crouch when travelling on arboreal supports compared to the ground. Simultaneously, they lower vertical peak reaction forces and thereby reduce and reorient the peak resultant substrate reaction force, so that moment arms and moments are roughly equivalent on poles and the ground. This is accomplished through the adoption of a compliant walking gait characterized by high degrees of forelimb protraction, substantial elbow yield, low vertical oscillations of the body, and long contact times. The use of a compliant walking gait appears to be extremely rare among mammals and is most likely related to an initial primate adaptation to quadrupedal locomotion on terminal branches. This gait represents a previously unrecognized dynamic postural mechanism for maintenance of similar bone stresses and safety factors in both arboreal and terrestrial environments.