The Wadi Suq period in south-east Arabia: a reappraisal in the light of excavations at Kalba, UAE
The Wadi Suq period in south-east Arabia: a reappraisal in the light of excavations at Kalba, UAE
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阿拉伯东南部的苏克河谷时期：根据阿联酋卡尔巴的发掘进行重新评估
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发表时间：
1998
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通讯作者：
R. Carter
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作者：
R. Carter
本文涉及阿拉伯半岛东南部的青铜时代晚期，或Wadi Suq时期，涵盖2000年ВС至1300年ВС之间的时期。尽管在Hili 8 （Cleuziou 1989）、Shimal （Vogt & frank -Vogt 1987; Velde 1992）和Tell Abraq （Potts 1990; 1991; 1993）发掘了大量的陪葬证据和Wadi Suq时期的定居遗迹，但这仍然是阿拉伯半岛东南部史前史上一个神秘的阶段。在Tell Abraq的发掘之前，有证据表明在第二个千年期间，该地区的人口相对较少，可能需要转向游牧，放牧的生活方式（Cleuziou 1981: 292）。在Tell Abraq发现的大量Wadi Suq时期遗迹挑战了这一观点（Potts 1993: 118）；最近在沙迦酋长国的卡尔巴出现了进一步的证据，改变了我们对瓦迪苏克时期的看法。在过去的四个季节里，在伦敦大学学院考古研究所的卡尔·菲利普斯的指导下，一支英国考古队在卡尔巴进行了挖掘工作，沙迦考古学院慷慨地赞助了他们。卡尔巴位于半岛的东海岸，就在富查伊拉以南。发掘工作揭示了一个深度分层遗址的存在，其序列从第三千年ВС乌姆安纳尔时期一直到铁器时代。这个地点被命名为卡尔巴4号。卡尔巴4号的第二个千年遗迹意义重大。它们不仅为这一时期的纪念性建筑提供了证据，而且还发现了覆盖整个第二个千年的陶瓷序列ВС甚至更久。该遗址与少数其他遗址一起，为Wadi Suq时期阿拉伯东南部存在大型永久性定居点和纪念性建筑提供了证据。Wadi Suq时期最令人费解的特征之一是其大量的坟墓和少量的非丧葬遗址之间的对比（参见图1和图2）。Wadi Suq时期的墓葬数量众多，形式多样。图1显示了它们沿北海湾和印度洋海岸以及整个哈贾尔山麓和内陆绿洲带的相对均匀的分布。这种模式与第三千年乌姆纳尔时期的遗迹相似。半岛北部似乎集中了Wadi Suq墓葬，这可能是由于在阿拉伯联合酋长国比在阿曼进行了更多的实地调查。唯一值得注意的差距是在半岛的东部，沿着巴提纳海岸。这也可以归结为野外工作强度的差异，尽管冲积沉积物的数量和Batinah海岸现代农业的程度是促成因素。目前还不完全清楚各种墓葬类型与内部年代或地区的关系
Introduction This paper concerns the late Bronze Age, or Wadi Suq period, in the south-eastern Arabian peninsula, which covers the period between 2000 ВС and 1300 ВС. Despite the abundance of funerary evidence and the excavation of Wadi Suq period settlement remains at Hili 8 (Cleuziou 1989), Shimal (Vogt & Franke-Vogt 1987; Velde 1992) and Tell Abraq (Potts 1990; 1991; 1993), this remains an enigmatic phase in the prehistory of the south-eastern Arabian peninsula. Until the excavation of Tell Abraq, the evidence pointed to a comparatively sparse occupation of the region during the second millennium, perhaps entailing a switch to a nomadic, herding way of life (Cleuziou 1981 : 292). The discovery of substantial Wadi Suq period remains at Tell Abraq has challenged this view (Potts 1993 : 118); further evidence to change our perception of the Wadi Suq period has recently emerged at Kalba, Sharjah Emirate. Over the past four seasons there have been excavations at Kalba by a British team under the direction of Carl Phillips, of the Institute of Archaeology, UCL, kindly sponsored by the Department of Archaeology, Sharjah. Kalba lies on the east coast of the peninsula, just south of Fujairah. The excavations have revealed the presence of a deeply stratified site with a sequence running from the third millennium ВС Umm an-Nar period through to the Iron Age. This site is named Kalba 4. The second millennium remains at Kalba 4 are of great significance. Not only do they provide evidence of monumental architecture during this time, they have also yielded a ceramic sequence covering the entire second millennium ВС and more. This site, together with a small number of other sites, provides evidence for the existence of large permanent settlements with monumental architecture in south-east Arabia during the Wadi Suq period. One of the most puzzling features of the Wadi Suq period is the contrast between its great number of tombs and its small number of non-funerary sites (cf. Figs 1 and 2). Wadi Suq period tombs are numerous and variable in form. Figure 1 shows their relatively even distribution along the northern Gulf and Indian Ocean coasts, and throughout the foothills of the Hajar mountains and the inland oasis belt. This pattern is similar to that of third millennium Umm an-Nar period remains. There seems to be a concentration of Wadi Suq tombs in the north of the peninsula, which may be attributable to a higher amount of fieldwork in the United Arab Emirates compared to Oman. The only notable gap is on the eastern side of the peninsula, along the Batinah coast. This can also be put down to differential intensity of fieldwork, although the amount of alluvial deposition and the extent of modern agriculture on the Batinah coast are contributory factors. It is still not entirely clear how the various tomb types relate to the internal chronology or regional