The Next Step in the Antitrust Treatment of Restricted Distribution: Per Se Legality
The Next Step in the Antitrust Treatment of Restricted Distribution: Per Se Legality
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限制分销反垄断处理的下一步：本身合法性
DOI：
10.2307/1599350
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发表时间：
1981
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Posner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Posner
我所说的“限制性分销”是指一种营销制度，在这种制度中，制造商对向分销链中较低环节或最终消费者提供其产品的分销商或经销商之间的竞争加以限制。这种限制有多种形式。一种是维持转售价格，即禁止价格竞争（有时是价格欺诈）。另一种是指定独家销售区域，禁止经销商或经销商在特定区域之外销售，否则将终止与制造商的关系，或者可能必须向其区域被侵犯的经销商或经销商支付“利润逾越”或其他费用。此外，还有销售点限制，可能禁止经销商向未经制造商批准的任何经销商销售，或禁止一个经销商向另一个经销商销售（“盗版”），还有地点条款，禁止经销商在经销商协议规定的地点以外的任何地点销售制造商的产品。有时，制造商会把某些大客户留给自己，从而消除了自己与经销商之间可能存在的竞争。或者，它可能同意独家经销权或经销权，从而失去其自由，作者-
By "restricted distribution" I mean a marketing system in which the manufacturer places restrictions on competition among the distributors or dealers that provide its goods either to lower links in the chain of distribution or to the ultimate consumer. Such restrictions take many forms. One is resale price maintenance, whereby price competition (or sometimes price gouging) is forbidden. Another is the assignment of exclusive sales territories, which forbid the distributor or dealer to sell outside of a specified territory on pain of having its relationship with the manufacturer terminated or, perhaps, of having to pay a "profit passover" or some other charge to the distributor or dealer whose territory it invaded. In addition, there are outlet restrictions, which might forbid a distributor to sell to any dealer not approved by the manufacturer, or forbid one dealer to sell ("bootleg") to another dealer, and location clauses, which forbid a dealer to sell the manufacturer's product at any location other than that specified in the dealership agreement. Sometimes a manufacturer will reserve certain large customers to itself, thus eliminating the competition that might otherwise exist between itself and its dealers. Or it may agree to an exclusive distributorship or dealership, and thereby lose its freedom to author-