The evolution of seabirds in the Humboldt Current: new clues from the Pliocene of Central Chile.
The evolution of seabirds in the Humboldt Current: new clues from the Pliocene of Central Chile.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0090043
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Nielsen SN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chávez Hoffmeister M;Carrillo Briceño JD;Nielsen SN
在过去的十年中，来自南美洲的新第三纪化石组合揭示了有关世界主要上升流系统之一：洪堡洋流中海鸟区系进化的重要线索。然而，这些记录大部分来自干旱的智利北部和秘鲁南部，因此，我们对温带过渡带海鸟进化史的了解可以忽略不计。来自智利中部霍尔孔沿海地区的上新世晚期鸟类化石组合为填补这一空白提供了独特的机会。中型企鹅的孤立骨头是最丰富的鸟类遗骸。形态学和分支分析表明，这些标本代表了一种新的冠企鹅，Eudyptes calauina sp。十一月Eudyptes是企鹅属，栖息于温带和亚南极地区，目前在智利中部不存在。此外，还发现了一种小型鸬鹚的部分骨骼和黑鹱的部分跗跖骨。霍尔康化石表明，上新世智利中部存在着与纬度温度梯度一致的混合鸟类区系。这类似于目前过渡区的组合，其中存在与智利北部和秘鲁南部共享的物种，以及一种以前未记录的企鹅，目前在洪堡系统中不存在，但存在于麦哲伦地区。对南美洲太平洋沿岸上新世海鸟多样性的比较表明，霍孔鸟类动物群代表了将现存动物群与晚中新世动物群联系起来的独特组合。与本格拉海流（南部非洲西海岸）附近的化石记录进行比较表明，热梯度可能在洪堡海流中保护更多冷/温带海鸟多样性方面发挥重要作用。
During the last decade, new Neogene fossil assemblages from South America have revealed important clues about the evolution of seabird faunas in one of the major upwelling systems of the world: the Humboldt Current. However, most of this record comes from arid Northern Chile and Southern Peru and, in consequence, our knowledge of the evolutionary history of seabirds in the temperate transitional zone is negligible. A new Late Pliocene assemblage of fossil birds from the coastal locality of Horcon in Central Chile offers a unique opportunity to fill this gap. Isolated bones of a medium-sized penguin are the most abundant bird remains. Morphological and cladistic analyses reveal that these specimens represent a new species of crested penguin, Eudyptes calauina sp. nov. Eudyptes is a penguin genus that inhabit temperate and subantarctic regions and currently absent in central Chile. Additionally, a partial skeleton of a small species of cormorant and a partial tarsometatarsus of a sooty shearwater have been identified. The Horcon fossils suggest the existence of a mixed avifauna in central Chile during the Pliocene in concordance with the latitudinal thermal gradient. This resembles the current assemblages from the transitional zone, with the presence of species shared with Northern Chile and Southern Peru and a previously unrecorded penguin currently absent from the Humboldt System but present in the Magellanic region. Comparison of Pliocene seabird diversity across the Pacific coast of South America shows that the Horcon avifauna represents a distinctive assemblage linking the living faunas with the Late Miocene ones. A comparison with the fossil record near the Benguela Current (west coast of southern Africa) suggests that the thermic gradient could play an important role in the preservation of a higher diversity of cold/temperate seabirds in the Humboldt Current.
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