Avoidable cancers in the Nordic countries. Tobacco smoking.
Avoidable cancers in the Nordic countries. Tobacco smoking.
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北欧国家可避免的癌症。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Andersen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Dreyer;J. F. Winther;E. Pukkala;A. Andersen
主动吸烟与肺癌、喉癌、口腔癌、咽癌、食道癌、胰腺癌、肾实质癌、肾盂癌和膀胱癌有因果关系，被动吸烟似乎与肺癌有因果关系。1965年、1975年和1985年关于吸烟习惯的资料表明，北欧国家目前吸烟的男子多于妇女。随着时间的推移，妇女的比率保持稳定，男子的比率正在下降，接近妇女的比率。特别是肺癌，与主动吸烟密切相关：通过增加每天吸烟的数量（终身）到5，10，20和40或更多，风险分别增加了5，8，16和30倍，比从不吸烟的人。因此，1985年北欧男性中约有35%的吸烟者和25%的前吸烟者，该年北欧女性中约有30%的吸烟者和15%的前吸烟者，到2000年，（男性6，500例，女性3，500例）将由主动吸烟引起;这相当于这些人群中所有肺癌病例的82%。另外，每年还有6 000例其他类型的癌症（男性4 000例，女性2 000例）是由积极吸烟引起的，在世纪之交，每年总共有16 000例新病例。这意味着，到2000年，北欧国家所有癌症发病率的14%（男性19%，女性9%）将由主动吸烟引起。相比之下，被动吸烟是肺癌的次要原因，在世纪之交，该地区所有新发病例（每年约70例）中约有0.6%是由被动吸烟引起的。
Active smoking is causally associated with cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, pancreas, renal parenchyma, renal pelvis and urinary bladder, and passive smoking appears to be causally associated with cancer of the lung. Information on smoking habits for the years 1965, 1975 and 1985 shows that more men than women in the Nordic countries were current smokers. The rates of women were stable over time and those of men were decreasing, approaching those of women. Lung cancer, in particular, is strongly associated with active smoking: by increasing the number of cigarettes smoked per day (lifelong) to 5, 10, 20 and 40 or more, the risk increases by five-, eight-, 16- and 30-fold, respectively, over that of people who have never smoked. Thus, with approximately 35% current smokers and 25% former smokers among Nordic men in 1985 and approximately 30% current smokers and 15% former smokers among Nordic women in that year, by the year 2000 10,000 cases of lung cancer (6,500 in men and 3,500 in women) will be caused by active smoking; this is equivalent to 82% of all cases of lung cancer in these populations. Another 6,000 cancers of other types (4,000 in men and 2,000 in women) are caused annually by active smoking, yielding a total of 16,000 new cases each year around the turn of the century. This implies that 14% (19% in men and 9% in women) of all incident cancers in the Nordic countries around the year 2000 will be caused by active tobacco smoking. In comparison, passive smoking is a minor cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 0.6% of all new cases (approximately 70 cases annually) in this area around the turn of the century.