Groundwater and resilience to drought in the Ethiopian highlands
Groundwater and resilience to drought in the Ethiopian highlands
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埃塞俄比亚高地的地下水和抗旱能力
DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/ab282f
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
MacDonald A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MacDonald A
在干旱期间，人们往往依赖地下水提供安全的饮用水，特别是在其他选择有限的非洲农村地区。然而，所选择的获取地下水的技术严重影响了当地的水安全。在这里，我们通过18个月内对水位（n= 19）和水质（n= 48）的直接高频监测，并收集有关2015/2016年厄尔尼诺干旱期间水资源减少对社区影响的信息，研究了埃塞俄比亚北方泉水、手挖威尔斯井和钻孔的性能。我们发现，配备手泵的浅井是最可靠的供水系统，在任何情况下，都可以在数小时内恢复到每日取水。大多数手挖威尔斯井和泉水的恢复和性能在整个漫长的旱季大幅度下降，尽管在特定的含水层条件下它们是可靠的。所有类型的来源都可以忽略不计的测量污染从耐热大肠菌群通过延长旱季，但在降雨期间污染标志着干旱停止。钻孔受影响最小，中位数为10 cfu/100 ml，而手挖威尔斯井和泉水分别为190和59 cfu/100 ml。在厄尔尼诺干旱期间，许多完全依赖泉水、威尔斯或河流的社区严重缺水，平均每日取水时间长达12小时，取水量减少到每人每天3-5升。这导致了暴力冲突、不吃饭、上学和农业活动减少以及健康影响增加的报告。从这项研究中可以清楚地看出，在可行的情况下，即使收集时间超过30分钟，也可以通过安装配备手泵的钻孔来提高对干旱的适应能力。
During drought, groundwater is often relied on to provide secure drinking water, particularly in rural Africa where other options are limited. However, the technology chosen to access groundwater significantly affects local water security. Here we examine the performance of springs, hand-dug-wells and boreholes in northern Ethiopia through direct high frequency monitoring of water-levels (n= 19) and water quality (n= 48) over an 18 month period and gathering information on community impacts of declining water access during the El Niño 2015/2016 drought. We found that shallow boreholes equipped with handpumps were the most reliable water supply, recovering within hours to daily abstraction throughout all conditions. Recovery and performance of most hand-dug-wells and springs declined significantly throughout the extended dry season, although in specific aquifer conditions they were reliable. All sources types had negligible measured contamination from Thermo-tolerant Coliforms through the extended dry season, but were contaminated during the rains marking drought cessation. Boreholes were least affected, median 10 cfu/100 ml, compared to 190 and 59 cfu/100 ml for hand-dug-wells and springs respectively. Many communities who relied solely on springs, wells or rivers experienced severe water shortage in the El Niño drought with mean daily collection times up to 12 h and volumes collected reducing to 3–5 litre per-capita-per-day. This led to reports of violent conflict, missed meals, reduction in school attendance and farm activity and increased health impacts. From this study there is a clear case for improving resilience to drought by installing boreholes equipped with handpumps where feasible even if collection times are> 30 min.
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DOI：
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
S. Cairncross;R. Feachem
通讯作者：
R. Feachem
通过对尼日利亚油井行为的详细分析，得出红土渗透率极端变化的证据
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
H. Bonsor;A. M. MacDonald;J. Davies
通讯作者：
J. Davies
2015-16年厄尔尼诺事件：气候异常及其对东部和南部非洲地下水资源的影响
影响因子：
--
作者：
S. Kolusu;M. Shamsudduha;M. Todd;R. Taylor;D. Seddon;J. Kashaigili;G. Ebrahim;M. Cuthbert;J. Sorensen;K. Villholth;A. MacDonald;D. MacLeod
通讯作者：
D. MacLeod
埃塞俄比亚的干旱及其影响
影响因子：
8
作者：
Getachew Alem Mera
通讯作者：
Getachew Alem Mera
实现水安全：埃塞俄比亚供水、环境卫生和个人卫生研究的经验教训
DOI：
10.3362/9781780447636
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
R. Calow;E. Ludi;J. Tucker
通讯作者：
J. Tucker