The Mission of Metaphor in Expressive Culture [and Comments and Reply]
The Mission of Metaphor in Expressive Culture [and Comments and Reply]
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隐喻在表达文化中的使命[以及评论和回复]
作者：
James W. Fernández;J. Blacking;A. Dundes;M. S. Edmonson;K. Etzkorn;G. Haydu;M. Kearney;A. Kehoe;Franklin O. Loveland;W. Mccormack;Daniel N. Maltz;M. Panoff;R. Preston;C. K. Warriner;R. Wescott;Andras Zakar
隐喻概念在民族学研究中的再现表明，我们需要一种比我们现在拥有的更清晰的比喻学。隐喻（和转喻）在这里被定义为对任何一组早期代词（基本的社会主体）的符号形象的预测。对隐喻的研究就是研究这些主体将客体取为自己的方式，或者被赋予客体的方式——用g.h. Mead的话来说，就是他们“取他者”的方式（或者在转喻的情况下是“自己的另一部分”）。隐喻和转喻的总体任务是将代词从不适当和不成熟的状态中转换出来，但需要确定七个特殊任务：(1)为不成熟的主语提供身份；(2)使这些主体能够运动；(3)主体在品质空间中的最佳定位；（四）提供仪式活动计划；(5)社会经验框架的填充；(6)使主体“回归整体”；(7)将主体从对其各部分的关注中解放出来。研究表明，隐喻和转喻复合体可以(a)以矩阵形式进行分析，通过参考为使隐喻符号意象发挥作用而设计的场景和每个场景所组织的关联，或者(b)以公式形式进行分析，通过参考转喻和隐喻谓词之间关系的进展所带来的主体和客体的转换。本文认为，对表现性文化进行有效的民族学研究应该关注主体和客体的变迁，因为它们在隐喻和转喻预测的复合体中是相关的。
The reappearance of the metaphor concept in ethnologic inquiry suggests the need for a clearer trope-ology than we now possess. Metaphor (and metonym) is defined here as the predication of a sign-image upon any of the set of inchoate pronouns-the essential social subjects. The study of metaphor is the study of the way these subjects take objects unto themselves or are assigned them-the way that, in the parlance of G. H. Mead, they "take the other" (or "another part of themselves" in the case of metonym). The overall mission of metaphor and metonym is to convert pronouns from their inappropriate and inchoate condition, but seven particular missions are to be identified: (1) the providing of an identity for inchoate subjects; (2) the enabling of movement in these subjects; (3) the optimum positioning of these subjects in quality space; (4) the providing of a plan for ritual movement; (5) the filling of frames of social experience; (6) the enabling of the subject to "return to the whole"; (7) the freeing of the subject from a preoccupation with its parts. It is shown that metaphoric and metonymic complexes may be analyzed either (a) in matrix form, by reference to the scenes devised to put metaphoric sign-images into effect and the associations marshalled by each scene, or (b) in formula form, by reference to the transformations in subjects and objects brought about by progressions in the relations between metonymic and metaphoric predications. The view is taken that valid ethnologic inquiry into expressive culture should focus upon the vicissitudes of subjects and objects as they are related in complexes of metaphoric and metonymic predication.