Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies
Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jphysparis.2006.03.007
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发表时间：
2006-06-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lange, Regine K.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Halsband, Ulrike;Lange, Regine K.
本章回顾了临床和功能成像研究的结果，这些研究探讨了在运动技能习得过程中皮质和皮质下激活的时间进程。在通过试错进行学习的早期阶段，据报道前额叶区域，特别是背外侧前额叶皮质会被激活。这些区域的作用可能与外显工作记忆以及视觉线索和运动指令之间新联系的建立有关。此外，在早期运动学习过程中，右半球的运动相关区域和分布的小脑区域显示出强烈的激活。后上顶叶皮质的激活可能源于视觉空间过程，而感觉反馈则在前下顶叶皮质和新小脑结构中被编码。
随着练习，左半球的运动相关区域显示出活动增加。无论训练时使用哪只手，都观察到这种向左半球的转移，这表明在视觉运动技能的存储方面左半球占优势。关于额叶区域，具有顺序特征的习得动作在辅助运动区的尾部（固有辅助运动区）有所体现，而外侧前运动皮质似乎负责视觉空间信息和运动指令之间联系的编码。
在隐性条件下研究运动学习激活模式的功能成像研究首先确定了一个运动回路，它包括左半球的外侧前运动皮质和固有辅助运动区以及初级运动皮质；其次确定了一个认知环路，它由右半球的基底神经节结构组成。最后，讨论了双手间迁移的活动模式。在右手训练后，运动相关区域的活动在镜像动作执行过程中保持不变，但在左手执行原始方向动作时增加。相反，在左手训练后，观察到在镜像反转动作过程中活动增加，但在未训练的右手执行原始方向动作时没有增加。
这些结果表明了习得的右手信息的迁移，它反映了身体的镜像对称性，而空间信息主要在左手训练后迁移。总之，临床损伤研究和功能成像相结合的方法是一种有前途的工具，可用于确定参与运动学习过程的大脑区域，并为了解动作泛化的潜在机制提供见解。（c）2006爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
This chapter reviews results of clinical and functional imaging studies which investigated the time-course of cortical and subcortical activation during the acquisition of motor a skill.During the early phases of learning by trial and error, activation in prefrontal areas, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is has been reported. The role of these areas is presumably related to explicit working memory and the establishment of a novel association between visual cues and motor commands. Furthermore, motor associated areas of the right hemisphere and distributed cerebellar areas reveal strong activation during the early motor learning. Activation in superior-posterior parietal cortex presumably arises from visuospatial processes, while sensory feedback is coded in the anterior-inferior parietal cortex and the neocerebellar structures.With practice, motor associated areas of the left-hemisphere reveal increased activity. This shift to the left hemisphere has been observed regardless of the hand used during training, indicating a left-hemispheric dominance in the storage of visuomotor skills. Concerning frontal areas, learned actions of sequential character are represented in the caudal part of the supplementary motor area (SMA proper), whereas the lateral premotor cortex appears to be responsible for the coding of the association between visuo-spatial information and motor commands.Functional imaging studies which investigated the activation patterns of motor learning under implicit conditions identified for the first, a motor circuit which includes lateral premotor cortex and SMA proper of the left hemisphere and primary motor cortex, for the second, a cognitive loop which consists of basal ganglia structures of the right hemisphere. Finally, activity patterns of intermanual transfer are discussed. After right-handed training, activity in motor associated areas maintains during performance of the mirror version, but is increased during the performance of the original-oriented version with the left hand. In contrary, increased activity during the mirror reversed action, but not during the original-oriented performance of the untrained right hand is observed after left-handed training.These results indicate the transfer of acquired right-handed information which reflects the mirror symmetry of the body, whereas spatial information is mainly transferred after left-handed training. Taken together, a combined approach of clinical lesion studies and functional imaging is a promising tool for identifying the cerebral regions involved in the process of motor learning and provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the generalisation of actions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.