The spacing effect depends on an encoding deficit, retrieval, and time in working memory: evidence from once-presented words.
The spacing effect depends on an encoding deficit, retrieval, and time in working memory: evidence from once-presented words.
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间隔效应取决于编码缺陷、检索和工作记忆时间：来自曾经出现过的单词的证据。
作者：
Kelly E. Braun;D. Rubin
列表学习中出现间隔效应是因为相同的集中项目会遭受编码缺陷，并且间隔的项目受益于检索和工作记忆时间的增加。要求检索相同的项目会产生回忆和识别的间隔效应，无论是有意学习还是偶然学习。不需要检索只会为有意学习产生空间，因为有意学习鼓励检索。曾经出现的词语为这些效果提供了基线。接下来，判断集中和间隔的单词对的前三个字母是否匹配，强制检索。这些单词不相同，因此不存在编码缺陷。检索可能并且确实只对每对的第一个单词造成空格；工作记忆中的时间，只有第二个。
The spacing effect in list learning occurs because identical massed items suffer encoding deficits and because spaced items benefit from retrieval and increased time in working memory. Requiring the retrieval of identical items produced a spacing effect for recall and recognition, both for intentional and incidental learning. Not requiring retrieval produced spacing only for intentional learning because intentional learning encourages retrieval. Once-presented words provided baselines for these effects. Next, massed and spaced word pairs were judged for matches on their first three letters, forcing retrieval. The words were not identical, so there was no encoding deficit. Retrieval could and did cause spacing only for the first word of each pair; time in working memory, only for the second.