In vitro development of the mammalian embryo.
In vitro development of the mammalian embryo.
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哺乳动物胚胎的体外发育。
DOI：
10.1002/jez.1402280209
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Naftolin,F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sanyal,MK;Naftolin,F
哺乳动物胚胎在体外着床前的正常生长和分化似乎取决于适当的代谢底物的可用性。对于植入前胚胎，仅在少数实验室物种中实现了规定的培养条件。现在有证据表明，从胎牛血清和人胎盘脐带血清中分离的分化因子可能促进囊胚的进一步发育。在器官形成期间，可以在滚瓶中用大鼠或人血清培养着床后大鼠和小鼠胚胎。在此发育阶段的大鼠胚胎分化在含雄性大鼠血清的培养物中逐渐延迟。胚胎发育没有得到改善，即使在不同妊娠日的大鼠血清中也是如此（12、15-16和20-21）。胎盘组织不能与胚胎同时生长，有害物质的积累和营养物质的快速消耗都是导致胚胎生长迟缓的原因。为了改善孕体的生长和分化，已经开发了一种连续培养系统，该系统可以在滚瓶气体气氛中注入增加浓度的氧气。这种改进的方法允许从神经胚阶段开始大量的连续生长和分化，并发育出许多初级器官。在植入前和植入后阶段使用这些体外培养方法，现在可以评估药物和化学试剂的胚胎毒性或致畸潜力。植入后培养程序可以更精确地评估与异常胚胎分化相关的机制。通过将胚胎培养与肝微粒体激活系统相结合，已经显示了致畸剂的生物激活和活性毒性代谢产物对器官原基分化的影响。显微注射致畸剂和细胞到孕体隔室被用来阐明特定的异常分化过程。
Normal growth and differentiation of mammalian embryos in vitro during the preimplantation period appear to be dependent upon the availability of appropriate metabolic substrates. For preimplantation embryos, defined conditions of culture have been achieved only in a few laboratory species. There is now evidence that differentiation factors isolated from fetal calf serum and human placental cord serum may promote further development of blastocysts. Postimplantation rat and mouse embryos can be cultured during the organogenesis period with rat or human sera in roller bottles. The embryonic differentiation of the rat at this stage of development is progressively retarded in such cultures with male rat serum. The embryonic development is not improved, even in sera obtained from rats at different days of gestation (12, 15–16, and 20–21). Inability to grow placental tissues simultaneously with embryos, accumulation of unfavorable substances, and rapid depletion of nutrients contribute to the retardation of embryonic growth. To improve growth and differentiation of conceptuses, a continuous culture system with the possibility of infusion of increasing concentrations of oxygen in the roller bottle gas atmosphere has been developed. This improved method allows considerable continuous growth and differentiation from the neurula stage with development of numerous primary organs.Utilizing these in vitro culture methods during pre‐ and postimplantation periods, it is now possible to assess embryotoxic or teratogenic potential of drugs and chemical agents. The postimplantation culture procedure allows a more precise assessment of mechanisms associated with anomalous embryonic differentiation. Bioactivation of teratogens and effects of active toxic metabolites on organ primordium differentiation have been shown by combining embryo culture with a hepatic microsomal activating system. Microinjection of teratogens and cells into conceptus compartments is being used to elucidate specific anomalous differentiation processes.