Urbanization extends flight phenology and leads to local adaptation of seasonal plasticity in Lepidoptera.
Urbanization extends flight phenology and leads to local adaptation of seasonal plasticity in Lepidoptera.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2106006118
复制
发表时间：
2021-10-05
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Kivelä SM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Merckx T;Nielsen ME;Heliölä J;Kuussaari M;Pettersson LB;Pöyry J;Tiainen J;Gotthard K;Kivelä SM
城市代表了季节性变化的新环境；它们更温暖，这可能会加速生长，但光污染也会延长白天，误导那些利用白天长度来预测季节变化的生物。利用长期观测数据，我们发现在六个北欧城市地区，蝴蝶和飞蛾的城市种群比邻近的农村种群有更长的飞行季节。接下来，利用实验室实验，我们表明，在城市人口中，由日长的诱导滞育已经朝着城市变暖预测的方向发展。因此，我们表明，城市环境的季节性变化可能导致城市人口季节性反应的相应进化变化，这种模式可能在其他物种中重复。城市化在全球范围内发展迅速，对生物多样性构成了挑战，最近也成为了进化变化的推动者。季节物候和生命周期调节是城市化可能通过城市热岛效应（UHI）和夜间人造光（ALAN）改变的重要过程。然而，UHI和ALAN如何影响季节适应的演变却很少受到关注。在此，我们测试了季节生活史可塑性的城市演变，特别是两种鳞翅目昆虫，Pieris napi （Pieridae）和Chiasmia clathrata （Geometridae）的光周期诱导滞育的变化。我们使用标准化监测和公民科学观测方案的长期数据，比较了芬兰和瑞典六个城市与邻近农村人口的年物候飞行曲线。这一分析表明，在大多数城市，这两个物种的飞行季节更长，结束得更晚，这表明滞育诱导的时间有所不同。然后，我们利用普通的花园实验来测试滞育光周期反应规范的演变是否可以解释这些城市的一个亚群的物候变化。这些实验表明，在城市地区，这两种物种的基因都朝着直接发育的较低日长阈值转变，这与基于城市热岛指数而非ALAN的预测一致。这种遗传变化与我们对原位飞行物候的大规模观察分析结果的对应表明，它可能是普遍存在的。这些发现表明，城市变温动物的季节性生命周期调节在演变，并可能有助于城市的生态进化动力学。
Cities represent novel environments with altered seasonality; they are warmer, which may accelerate growth, but light pollution can also lengthen days, misleading organisms that use daylength to predict seasonal change. Using long-term observational data, we show that urban populations of a butterfly and a moth have longer flight seasons than neighboring rural populations for six Nordic city regions. Next, using laboratory experiments, we show that the induction of diapause by daylength has evolved in urban populations in the direction predicted by urban warming. We thus show that the altered seasonality of urban environments can lead to corresponding evolutionary changes in the seasonal responses of urban populations, a pattern that may be repeated in other species. Urbanization is gaining force globally, which challenges biodiversity, and it has recently also emerged as an agent of evolutionary change. Seasonal phenology and life cycle regulation are essential processes that urbanization is likely to alter through both the urban heat island effect (UHI) and artificial light at night (ALAN). However, how UHI and ALAN affect the evolution of seasonal adaptations has received little attention. Here, we test for the urban evolution of seasonal life-history plasticity, specifically changes in the photoperiodic induction of diapause in two lepidopterans, Pieris napi (Pieridae) and Chiasmia clathrata (Geometridae). We used long-term data from standardized monitoring and citizen science observation schemes to compare yearly phenological flight curves in six cities in Finland and Sweden to those of adjacent rural populations. This analysis showed for both species that flight seasons are longer and end later in most cities, suggesting a difference in the timing of diapause induction. Then, we used common garden experiments to test whether the evolution of the photoperiodic reaction norm for diapause could explain these phenological changes for a subset of these cities. These experiments demonstrated a genetic shift for both species in urban areas toward a lower daylength threshold for direct development, consistent with predictions based on the UHI but not ALAN. The correspondence of this genetic change to the results of our larger-scale observational analysis of in situ flight phenology indicates that it may be widespread. These findings suggest that seasonal life cycle regulation evolves in urban ectotherms and may contribute to ecoevolutionary dynamics in cities.