The diversity of cones in the retina of vertebrates: a review
The diversity of cones in the retina of vertebrates: a review
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脊椎动物视网膜中视锥细胞的多样性：综述
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Basic Anatomy
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文献类型：
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作者：
Dws Cheung;Msm Wai;D. Yew;Basic Anatomy
介绍眼睛最神奇的结构是视网膜，一个包含紧密排列的视觉细胞/光感受器衬里的接受层。众所周知，脊椎动物的视网膜包含两种类型的视觉细胞：视杆细胞和视锥细胞。视杆细胞专门用于昏暗视觉，而视锥细胞则用于明亮和彩色视觉。锥体可以进一步细分为至少三个子类：单锥体、双锥体和双锥体。普通的单锥通常是单独存在的，而双锥和双锥则代表两个相互附着的锥。双锥的两个组成部分在形态上是相同的。相比之下，双锥由一个高而细的组成部分，称为主锥，和一个圆而短的组成部分，称为副锥。单锥是最常见的类型，可以在大多数脊椎动物物种中找到，而其他类型则不太常见，但仍然出现在从鱼类到哺乳动物的许多脊椎动物中。目的是介绍几种脊椎动物视网膜中的视锥细胞，并讨论它们的结构和可能的功能。结论本综述阐明了动物视网膜视锥细胞的多样性。视锥细胞及其内部成分在遗传学上是古老的。然而，结构和功能的协调是未知的。视网膜是一个接受层，包含一层紧密排列的视觉细胞/光感受器。这篇评论讨论了脊椎动物视网膜中的各种视锥细胞。视网膜层脊椎动物眼睛的感受层是视网膜的视觉细胞层。视细胞的细胞体集中成两层或多层，称为外核层。外核层的厚度，对应于视觉细胞的数量，因此在不同的脊椎动物中有所不同。例如，原始鲟鱼，这是一种古老的鱼类，有一个薄的外核层和一个薄的内核层，表明在这个物种中视网膜细胞的数量非常少（图1）。这与其他一些脊椎动物的视网膜形成鲜明对比，如蝾螈和鸡，外核层包含更多的锥细胞和杆状细胞体，内核层也相对较厚（图2）。然而，在鸟类中，也可以看到一个非常清晰的外丛状层，将外核层和内核层分开（图3）。不同类型的视细胞众所周知，视网膜包含两类视细胞：视杆细胞和视锥细胞。视杆细胞专门用于昏暗视觉，而视锥细胞则用于明亮和彩色视觉。在后一类中，视锥细胞至少可以分为三个亚类，BasicAna to my * 通讯作者电子邮件：david-yew@cuhk.edu.hk 1香港中文大学医学院生物医学科学学院脑研究中心，香港新界沙田2香港中文大学中医药研究所，香港新界沙田图2：鸡的视网膜，其内核层含有比图1a（箭头）多得多的细胞（苏木精和伊红，×200）。图1：鲟鱼视网膜具有薄的外（O）核和非常少的细胞的内（I）核层。（血管内皮生长因子免疫组化，×400）。图三：以鸭为例，禽类视网膜有一个清晰的外丛状层（OP），将外核（O）和内核层（I）分开（苏木精和伊红，×200）。
Introduction The most miraculous structure of the eye is the retina, a receptive layer containing a lining of closely packed visual cells/photoreceptors. It is well known that the retina of the vertebrates contains two types of visual cells: the rods and cones. The rods are specialised for dim vision while the cones are for bright and colour vision. The cones can be further subdivided into at least three subcategories: the single cone, twin cone and the double cone. The ordinary single cone usually exists alone, while the twin cone and the double cone represent two cones adhering to each other. The two components of the twin cone are identical in morphology. By contrast, the double cone consists of a tall and slender component, which is termed as the chief cone, and a rounder and shorter component, which is known as the accessory cone. The single cone is the most common type that can be found in most species of vertebrates, while others are less frequently seen, but still appear in many species up the vertebrate scale from fish to mammals. The aim is to introduce the variety of cone cells in the retinae of some selected species of vertebrates and discuss their structures with regard to the possible functions. Conclusion This critical review illustrates the diversity of cones in selected retinae of animals. The cones and their internal components are phylogenetically old. Yet, the co-ordination of structure and function are unknown. Introduction The retina is a receptive layer containing a lining of closely packed visual cells/photoreceptors. This critical review discusses the variety of cones in the retina of vertebrate species. Retinal layers The receptive layer of the eyes in vertebrate is the visual cell layer of the retina. The cell bodies of the visual cells are concentrated into two to more layers termed as the outer nuclear layer. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer, corresponding to the number of the visual cells, thus varies in different vertebrates. For example, the primitive sturgeon, which is an archaic fish, has a thin outer nuclear layer and a thin inner nuclear layer, indicating a very few number of retinal cells in this species (Figure 1). This is very much in contrast to the retina of some other vertebrates such as the salamander and the chicken where the outer nuclear layer contains more cone and rod cell bodies and the inner nuclear layer is also relatively thick (Figure 2). In the avian, however, a very clear outer plexiform layer separating the outer and inner nuclear layers can be seen as well (Figure 3). Diff erent types of visual cells It is well known that the retina contains two categories of visual cells: the rods and the cones. The rods are specialised for dim vision while the cones are for bright and colour vision. Amongst the latter category, the cones can be separated into at least three subcategories, Ba si c A na to m y * Corresponding author Email: david-yew@cuhk.edu.hk 1 Brain Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 2 Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Figure 2: The chicken retina with inner nuclear layer containing a lot more cells compared with Figure 1a (arrow) (haematoxylin and eosin, ×200). Figure 1: The sturgeon retina with a thin outer (O) nuclear and an inner (I) nuclear layer of very few cells. (vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemistry, ×400). Figure 3: The avian retina as exemplified in the duck has a clear outer plexiform layer (OP) separating the outer nuclear (O) and inner nuclear layer (I) (haematoxylin and eosin, ×200).
实验性视网膜脱离和重新附着后视锥细胞视蛋白 mRNA 水平的差异表达。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
Molecular vision [electronic resource].
影响因子：
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作者：
Rex,ToniaS;Lewis,GeoffreyP;Geller,ScottF;Fisher,StevenK
通讯作者：
Fisher,StevenK