A Possible Role of the Musculus Complexus in Pipping the Chicken Egg
A Possible Role of the Musculus Complexus in Pipping the Chicken Egg
复制标题
复合肌在给鸡蛋去核中的可能作用
DOI：
10.2307/2423521
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发表时间：
1964
影响因子：
0.6
通讯作者：
James R. Smail
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
James R. Smail
已经收集到的各种证据与有关鸡蛋去核机制的新假设相一致。有人认为，上颈部区域的复合肌在抽动中的功能主要不是作为收缩机制，而是作为液压机制，以足够的力迫使蛋齿抵靠蛋壳以打破蛋壳，或者作为一个膨胀的垫子，其他肌肉（例如双腹肌和棘肌）甚至其自身肌纤维的收缩都会产生相同的结果。去皮时，肌肉的大小和硬度达到最大。浑浊是由于淋巴选择性浸润所致。去核后，体积和淋巴液含量迅速减少。鸡胚的成对复合肌位于颈前背区域的表面（图 1、2）。在鸡（Pohlman，1919；Fisher，1958；Brandstetter，1960）、鷊鷉（Fisher，1961）、富兰克林鸥（Fisher，1962）和白骨顶鸥（J. Fisher，1962）中对此进行了粗略的描述。当头部自由移动时，这块肌肉的收缩似乎会抬高头部，从而抬高喙和蛋齿，因为复合肌起源于几个颈椎并插入顶骨的后端。 Pohlman (1919) 观察到了其发育过程中的组织学变化，Fisher (1958) 对其进行了简要描述，Brandstetter (1960) 对其进行了详细描述。肌肉的横向边界是非常大的淋巴腺（箭头，图 1、2）。富兰克林鸥和白顶鹤的突出淋巴腺也以相同的相对位置存在，但鷊鷉却没有。已经进行了初步尝试来了解复杂分枝杆菌发育的内分泌控制（Brandstetter，1960；Brandstetter、Watterson 和 Veneziano，1962）。 Keibel (1912) 首先指出，在孵化前壳破裂（挖孔）期间，肌肉会大大增大并被浆液渗透。他强调，复合肌提供了突破外壳的能量。尽管他没有这么说，但他暗示力量是由肥大的肌肉收缩提供的。他还指出，到孵化后第十天，复杂 M. 的外观就变得正常了。 Pohlman (1919) 同意肌肉在“采摘日”达到最大重量，并且淋巴对肌肉的渗透是 1 目前地址：明尼苏达州圣保罗马卡莱斯特学院生物学系。作者感谢 Ray L. Watterson 博士对本文慷慨提供的建议、批评和帮助。
Various lines of evidence have been assembled that are consistent with a new hypothesis concerning the pipping mechanism in chicken eggs. It is suggested that the Musculus complexus in the upper cervical region functions in pipping not primarily as a contractile mechanism but as a hydraulic pressure mechanism to force the egg tooth against the shell with sufficient force to break the latter or, alternatively, as a turgid cushion against which contractions of other muscles (such as the M. biventer and M. spinalis) or even of its own muscle fibers would effect the same result. Size of the muscle and its turgidity are maximal at the time of pipping. The turgidity is due to selective infiltration by lymph. Size and lymph content diminish rapidly after pipping. The paired Musculus complexus of the chick embryo is located superficially in the antero-dorsal cervical region (Figs. 1, 2). It has been described grossly in chickens (Pohlman, 1919; Fisher, 1958; Brandstetter, 1960), grebes (Fisher, 1961), Franklin's Gull (Fisher, 1962), and coots (J. Fisher, 1962). Contraction of this muscle would seemingly elevate the head and therewith the beak and egg tooth whenever the head is free to move, since the M. complexus originates on several cervical vertebrae and inserts on the posterior end of the parietal bones. Histological changes during its development have been observed by Pohlman (1919) and have been described briefly by Fisher (1958) and in detail by Brandstetter (1960). The muscle is bounded laterally by very large lymph glands (arrows, Figs. 1, 2). Prominent lymph glands are likewise present in the same relative positions in Franklin's Gull, and in coots, but they are absent in grebes. Preliminary attempts have been made to understand the endocrine control of development of the M. complexus (Brandstetter, 1960; Brandstetter, Watterson and Veneziano, 1962). Keibel (1912) first noted that the muscle becomes greatly enlarged and infiltrated with serous fluid during the period when the shell is broken (pipped) prior to hatching. He stated emphatically that the M. complexus supplies the power used to break through the shell. Although he did not so state, he implied that the power was provided by contraction of the hypertrophied muscle. He also, noted that the M. complexus is normal in appearance by the tenth day after hatching. Pohlman (1919) agreed that the muscle attains its greatest weight on the "picker day" and that infiltration of the muscle by lymph is 1 Present address: Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota. The author acknowledges the suggestions, criticism and help with the manuscript generously given by Dr. Ray L. Watterson.