Observation versus experimentation in natural-history teaching in Portuguese secondary schools: educational laws from 1836 to 1933
Observation versus experimentation in natural-history teaching in Portuguese secondary schools: educational laws from 1836 to 1933
复制标题
葡萄牙中学自然历史教学中的观察与实验：1836年至1933年的教育法
作者：
Inês Gomes
在19世纪，需要一个公共和世俗的机构来为公民接受高等教育做准备的想法在整个欧洲扩散。然而，由于当地的政治、经济和社会背景，中等教育的基本模式在每个国家都有不同的发展。这篇文章提供了葡萄牙中学教育发展的历史记录，在19世纪和20世纪初，在liceus中涉及自然（动物学，植物学，地质学和矿物学）的研究。特别要强调标本和收集的重要性。以实验室为基础的教学的出现从未取代以观察标本为中心的传统方法。通过关注葡萄牙的案例，本文的最终目的是促进对19世纪整个欧洲实施的中等教育模式的更广泛理解。
Abstract The idea that a public and secular institution was needed to prepare citizens for higher education proliferated throughout Europe during the nineteenth century. However, because of local political, economic and social contexts the underlying model of what is now meant by secondary education has developed differently in each country. This essay provides a historical account of the development of secondary education in Portugal, in what concerns the study of nature (zoology, botany, geology and mineralogy) in liceus, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In particular, the importance given to specimens and collections will be emphasized. The emergence of laboratory-based teaching never replaced traditional approaches centred on observation of specimens. By focusing on the Portuguese case, this article aims ultimately to contribute to a broader understanding of the secondary-educational model implemented throughout Europe in the nineteenth century.