An international comparison of gender equality : why is the japanese gender gap so persistent?
An international comparison of gender equality : why is the japanese gender gap so persistent?
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性别平等的国际比较：为什么日本的性别差距如此持久？
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Margarita Estévez
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Margarita Estévez
尽管1985年出台了《平等就业机会法》，但在性别平等方面，日本仍落后于其他发达国家。本文讨论了促进市场性别质量的制度条件，并表明这些条件在日本很大程度上是缺乏的。一般来说，许多人认为斯堪的纳维亚国家是性别平等的先锋。这些国家采取了广泛的政策支持，使母亲能够平衡工作和家庭。本文认为，对母亲友好的政策并不是解释男性和女性相对经济地位的唯一因素。它利用美国和西班牙来强调促进性别平等的不同制度情景。西班牙女性的经济地位曾经和日本一样低。更具体地说，本文讨论了下列体制条件的平等效果：(1)强有力的反歧视法律与集体诉讼相匹配；(2)存在以专业为导向的教育系统，允许有学术能力的妇女进入地位较高的职业；(3)使妇女能够外包其无偿家务工作的市场条件；以及(4)使妇女能够控制其生育决定的避孕方法。
When it comes to gender equality, Japan lags behind other advanced countries despite the introduction of Equal Employment Opportunity Act in 1985. This article discusses institutional conditions that promote gender quality in the market place, and shows those conditions are largely lacking in Japan. Generally speaking, many consider Scandinavian countries as vanguards of gender equality. These countries have adopted extensive policy support enabling mothers to balance work and family. This article argues that mother-friendly policies are not the only factors that explain the relative economic position of men and women. It uses the US and Spain in order to highlight different institutional scenarios to promote gender equality. The economic position of Spanish women used to be as low as that in Japan. More specifically, this article discusses the equalizing effects of the following institutional conditions: (i) strong anti-discrimination laws matched with class action suits, (ii) the presence of professionally-oriented educational systems that allow women with academic abilities entry into high status occupations; (iii) market conditions that enable women to outsource their unpaid domestic work; and (iv) availability of contraceptive methods that give women control over their reproductive decisions.