The M/M/k with Deterministic Setup Times

The M/M/k with Deterministic Setup Times
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具有确定性设置时间的 M/M/k

DOI:
10.1145/3570617
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Wang, Weina
Wang, Weina
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Williams, Jalani K.;Harchol-Balter, Mor;Wang, Weina

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容量管理,无论是涉及数据中心的服务器,还是呼叫中心的人工人员,还是医院的医生,在很大程度上都是为了平衡资源延迟之间的权衡。一方面,人们希望在不使用服务器时关闭服务器(或将空闲的员工送回家)以节省资源。另一方面,人们希望避免将服务器重新打开所需的大量设置时间。本文旨在了解这种权衡的延迟部分,即在多服务器系统中,设置时间对平均延迟的影响是什么?令人惊讶的是,关于设置时间对延迟的影响,我们知之甚少。虽然已经有一些关于调整时间服从指数分布的M/M/k的研究工作,但这些工作只提供了计算平均延迟的迭代方法,对于延迟是如何受Yk、负载和调整时间影响的,给出的见解很少。此外,实际中的调整时间可以更好地用确定性随机变量来建模,并且,如本文所示,确定性调整时间的标度效应与指数分布的调整时间的标度效应完全不同。我们证明了设置对延迟的影响的一个下界,对于设置时间远远大于作业服务时间的常见情况,我们的下界是非常精确的。我们的结果是一个相对简单的代数公式,它提供了关于延迟如何与输入参数成比例的见解。我们的证明使用了更新理论、鞅论点和新的概率论点的组合,为打开和关闭服务器的系统的瞬时行为提供了强烈的直觉。
Capacity management, whether it involves servers in a data center, or human staff in a call center, or doctors in a hospital, is largely about balancing a resource-delay tradeoff. On the one hand, one would like to turn off servers when not in use (or send home staff that are idle) to save on resources. On the other hand, one wants to avoid the considerable setup time required to turn an ''off'' server back ''on.'' This paper aims to understand the delay component of this tradeoff, namely, what is the effect of setup time on average delay in a multi-server system?Surprisingly little is known about the effect of setup times on delay. While there has been some work on studying the M/M/k with Exponentially-distributed setup times, these works provide only iterative methods for computing mean delay, giving little insight as to how delay is affected byk, by load, and by the setup time. Furthermore, setup time in practice is much better modeled by a Deterministic random variable, and, as this paper shows, the scaling effect of a Deterministic setup time is nothing like that of an Exponentially-distributed setup time.This paper provides the first analysis of the M/M/k with Deterministic setup times. We prove a lower bound on the effect of setup on delay, where our bound is highly accurate for the common case where the setup time is much higher than the job service time. Our result is a relatively simple algebraic formula which provides insights on how delay scales with the input parameters. Our proof uses a combination of renewal theory, martingale arguments and novel probabilistic arguments, providing strong intuition on the transient behavior of a system that turns servers on and off.
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影响因子: --
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