Children's use of Reasoning by Exclusion to Track Identities of Occluded Objects
Children's use of Reasoning by Exclusion to Track Identities of Occluded Objects
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儿童使用排除推理来追踪被遮挡物体的身份
DOI：
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Melissa M. Kibbe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chen Cheng;Melissa M. Kibbe
排除推理使我们能够从当前观察到的物体中推断出未观察到的物体的属性，这些属性由P或Q形式化，而不是P，因此Q。先前的研究表明，到3岁时，儿童在得知另一个位置为空后，可以使用这种推理来推断隐藏物体的位置（例如Mody & Carey， 2016）。在当前的研究中，我们询问儿童是否可以使用排除推理来推断先前未观察到的遮挡物体的身份，该任务要求他们跟踪多个遮挡物体的位置。49名4-7岁的孩子观看了虚拟“卡片”的动画阵列，这些卡片描绘的图像随后被遮挡物隐藏起来。然后在维护期间交换闭塞器的位置。孩子们被要求选择哪张卡片被藏在一个探查过的位置。在编码期间，我们操纵孩子们是看到所有的牌面（正面向上的方块）还是除了一张牌面之外的所有牌面（排除方块），在一半的试验中，孩子们必须通过排除来推断目标。我们发现，所有的孩子都能在“正面游戏”中成功，但只有6岁的孩子能在“排除游戏”中成功，因为他们必须运用逻辑推理来识别一个以前从未见过的隐藏目标。我们的研究结果表明，儿童在追踪多个物体和地点时通过排除推理推断隐藏目标身份的能力可能需要长期发展。
Reasoning by exclusion allows us to infer properties of unobserved objects from currently observed objects, formalized by P or Q, not P, therefore Q. Previous work suggested that, by age 3, children can use this kind of reasoning to infer the location of a hidden object after learning that another location is empty (e.g. Mody & Carey, 2016). In the current study, we asked whether children could use reasoning by exclusion to infer the identities of previously unobserved occluded objects in a task that required them to track the locations of multiple occluded objects. Forty-nine 4-7-year-olds viewed animated arrays of virtual “cards” depicting images which were then hidden by occluders. The occluders then swapped locations during the maintenance period. Children were asked to select which card was hidden in a probed location. During the encoding period, we manipulated whether children saw all the card faces (Face-up block) or all but one of the card faces (Exclusion block), for which children had to reason by exclusion to infer the target in half of the trials. We found that all children succeeded in the Face-up block, but only 6-year-olds succeed in the Exclusion block when they had to deploy logical reasoning to identify a previously-unseen hidden target. Our results suggest that children’s ability to reason by exclusion to infer the identity of a hidden target while tracking multiple objects and locations may undergo protracted development.