Morphogenesis and tissue engineering of bone and cartilage: Inductive signals, stem cells, and biomimetic biomaterials
Morphogenesis and tissue engineering of bone and cartilage: Inductive signals, stem cells, and biomimetic biomaterials
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DOI：
10.1089/107632700418074
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发表时间：
2000-08-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Reddi, AH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Reddi, AH
形态发生是模式形成、身体平面建立、许多结构的镜像双边对称和一些结构的不对称的结构的发展级联，最终在成人形式中达到顶峰。组织工程是一门新兴的学科，它根据分子发育生物学和生物工程所支配的形态发生的原理，设计和建造人体的备用部件，以恢复功能。形态发生和组织工程的三个关键成分是诱导信号、响应干细胞和细胞外基质。在人体的许多组织中，骨具有相当大的再生能力，并且是基于形态发生的组织工程的原型模型。将脱矿骨基质植入皮下部位导致局部骨诱导。该模型模拟了连续的肢体形态发生，并允许骨形态发生素的分离。虽然传统上研究胚胎中的形态发生信号，但骨形态发生蛋白（BMPs），即骨诱导信号，是从成人脱矿骨基质中分离的。骨形成蛋白和相关的软骨衍生的形态发生蛋白（CDMP）启动，促进和维持软骨和骨生成，并具有超越骨的作用。骨诱导和传导策略的共生对于组织工程是至关重要的，并且反过来由上下文和生物力学支配。背景是由细胞外基质组成的微环境，其可以被仿生生物材料如胶原蛋白、羟基磷灰石、蛋白聚糖和包括纤连蛋白的细胞粘附蛋白复制。因此，组织工程的结构规则是对发育生物学和形态发生规律的模仿，因此可能对所有组织都是通用的，包括骨骼和关节。
Morphogenesis is the developmental cascade of pattern formation, body plan establishment, and the architecture of mirror-image bilateral symmetry of many structures and asymmetry of some, culminating in the adult form. Tissue engineering is the emerging discipline of design and construction of spare parts for the human body to restore function based on principles of molecular developmental biology and morphogenesis governed by bioengineering. The three key ingredients for both morphogenesis and tissue engineering are inductive signals, responding stem cells, and the extracellular matrix. Among the many tissues in the human body, bone has considerable powers for regeneration and is a prototype model for tissue engineering based on morphogenesis. Implantation of demineralized bone matrix into subcutaneous sites results in local bone induction. This model mimics sequential limb morphogenesis and permitted the isolation of bone morphogens. Although it is traditional to study morphogenetic signals in embryos, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the inductive signals for bone, were isolated from demineralized bone matrix from adults. BMPs and related cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs) initiate, promote, and maintain chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and have actions beyond bone. The symbiosis of bone inductive and conductive strategies are critical for tissue engineering, and is in turn governed by the context and biomechanics. The context is the microenvironment, consisting of extracellular matrix, which can be duplicated by biomimetic biomaterials such as collagens, hydroxyapatite, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins including fibronectins. Thus, the rules of architecture for tissue engineering are an imitation of the laws of developmental biology and morphogenesis, and thus may be universal for all tissues, including bones and joints.