Removal of red- and brown-tide cells using clay flocculation.: I.: Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodinium breve and Aureococcus anophagefferens
Removal of red- and brown-tide cells using clay flocculation.: I.: Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodinium breve and Aureococcus anophagefferens
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DOI：
10.3354/meps210041
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Anderson, DM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sengco, MR;Li, AS;Anderson, DM
测试了25种国产粘土和韩国黄土粘土絮凝和去除短裸藻（佛罗里达赤潮生物）和噬藻金球藻（纽约褐潮生物）细胞的能力。12个粘土样品，主要由蒙脱石，膨润土和佛罗里达磷酸盐粘土显示去除效率大于90%对G，短在粘土加载量为0.25克升（-1）。用IMC-P2磷酸盐粘土进一步试验表明，在0.04 g l（-1）时，去除率可高达80%。与此相反，在0.25gl（-1）时对A.对于所有粘土，噬菌体不超过40%，但当粘土在添加时分散在整个培养物中时，噬菌体增加到80%。硫酸铝（明矾），聚合氯化铝（PAC），和4个有机絮凝剂的去除效率显着低于粘土对这两种生物（30至50%）。然而，在低粘土浓度下，加入5 ppm PAC降低了去除短节葡萄球菌所需的粘土量1个数量级。G.在粘土负载量低于0.03 g l（-1）时，无论有或没有絮凝物的再悬浮，Breve都完全恢复并保持活力，尽管与未处理的细胞相比，它们的恢复和随后的生长延迟了24 h。高细胞死亡率（高达100%），并没有恢复观察到粘土量为20.50克升（-1），即使每天再悬浮的粘土/细胞团。在中等粘土负荷（例如0.10至0.25克升（-1）），生存和恢复取决于几个因素：粘土量，再悬浮的频率，或细胞和粘土之间的接触持续时间之前的第一次再悬浮事件。无论粘土负载如何，接触2.5小时后细胞死亡率极低（接近零），但在12小时后显著增加。初步数据表明，细胞死亡可能是由细胞和粘土之间的直接物理接触引起的，而不是由粘土或裂解细胞释放的潜在细胞毒性物质引起的。总的来说，这些结果表明，粘土在其去除效率上有很大差异，各个粘土在去除不同藻类的能力上不同，絮凝剂如PAC可以显著提高粘土去除效率，并且絮凝过程也可以导致细胞死亡。
Twenty-five domestic clays and Loess clay from South Korea were tested for their ability to flocculate and remove cells of Gymnodinium breve (the Florida red-tide organism) and Aureococcus anophagefferens (the New York brown-tide organism). Twelve clay samples, consisting mostly of montmorillonite, bentonite and Florida phosphatic clay displayed removal efficiencies greater than 90% against G, breve at a clay loading of 0.25 g l(-1). Further tests with IMC-P2 phosphatic clay indicated that removal rates can reach as high as 80% at 0.04 g l(-1). In contrast, the removal values at 0.25 g l(-1) against A. anophagefferens did not exceed 40% for all clays, but increased to 80% when the clay was dispersed throughout the culture at the time of addition. The removal efficiency of aluminum sulfate (alum), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and 4 organic flocculants were significantly lower than clays against both organisms (30 to 50%). However, the addition of 5 ppm PAC lowered the amount of clay needed for removal of G, breve by 1 order of magnitude at low clay concentrations. G. breve fully recovered and remained viable at clay loadings below 0.03 g l(-1), with or without resuspension of the flocs, although their recovery and subsequent growth were delayed by 24 h compared to untreated cells. High cell mortality (up to 100%) and no recovery were observed at clay amounts of 20.50 g l(-1), even with daily resuspension of the clay/cell pellet. At intermediate clay loadings (e.g. 0.10 to 0.25 g l(-1)), survival and recovery depended on several factors: clay amount, the frequency of resuspension, or the duration of contact between the cells and clays prior to the first resuspension event. Regardless of clay loading, cell mortality was extremely low (near zero) after 2.5 h of contact, but increased significantly after 12 h. Preliminary data suggest that cell death may be caused by direct physical contact between the cells and clays and not by the release of potentially cytotoxic substances from the clays or from the lysed cells. Overall, these results show that clays differ substantially in their removal efficiencies, that individual clays differ in their ability to remove different algal species, that flocculants such as PAC can significantly improve clay removal efficiencies, and that the flocculation process can also lead to cell mortality.