Cubic exact solutions for the estimation of pairwise haplotype frequencies: implications for linkage disequilibrium analyses and a web tool 'CubeX'.

Cubic exact solutions for the estimation of pairwise haplotype frequencies: implications for linkage disequilibrium analyses and a web tool 'CubeX'.
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估计成对单倍型频率的立方精确解决方案:链接不平衡分析和Web工具“ CUBEX”的影响。

DOI:
10.1186/1471-2105-8-428
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发表时间:
2007-11-02
期刊:
影响因子:
3
通讯作者:
Day, Ian N. M.
Day, Ian N. M.
中科院分区:
生物学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gaunt, Tom R.;Rodriguez, Santiago;Day, Ian N. M.

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由两个基因座上各一个等位基因组成的单倍型频率可以用一个三次方程(“希尔方程”)来表示,该方程的解即为该频率。大多数单倍型和连锁不平衡分析程序使用基于迭代的算法,将单倍型频率的估计值代入方程,产生一个新的估计值,然后将其反复反馈到方程中,直到数值收敛到最大似然估计值(期望最大化)。 我们介绍一个程序“CubeX”,它计算生物学上可能的精确解,并为每个解提供估计的单倍型频率、D'、r²和χ²值。在抽样变异和基因分型错误扭曲样本哈迪 - 温伯格平衡的情况下,可能会导致不止一个生物学上可能的解,此时CubeX为一对双等位基因标记的单倍型频率和连锁不平衡提供“完整”分析。我们还使用代数精确解对模拟数据和实际数据进行了分析,结果表明在理想的样本哈迪 - 温伯格平衡下只有一个生物学上可能的解,但在其他条件下可能会有更多解。 我们的分析表明,较低的等位基因频率、较少的样本数量、群体分层以及可能的|D'|值为1的情况特别容易使样本哈迪 - 温伯格平衡发生扭曲,这对小样本量(例如国际人类基因组单体型图计划,HapMap)和较罕见等位基因(例如寡态性,q < 0.05)的连锁不平衡计算具有重要意义,这些较罕见等位基因可能与特定疾病相关,需要改进方法进行有意义的评估。
The frequency of a haplotype comprising one allele at each of two loci can be expressed as a cubic equation (the 'Hill equation'), the solution of which gives that frequency. Most haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis programs use iteration-based algorithms which substitute an estimate of haplotype frequency into the equation, producing a new estimate which is repeatedly fed back into the equation until the values converge to a maximum likelihood estimate (expectation-maximisation). We present a program, "CubeX", which calculates the biologically possible exact solution(s) and provides estimated haplotype frequencies, D', r2 and χ2 values for each. CubeX provides a "complete" analysis of haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium for a pair of biallelic markers under situations where sampling variation and genotyping errors distort sample Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, potentially causing more than one biologically possible solution. We also present an analysis of simulations and real data using the algebraically exact solution, which indicates that under perfect sample Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium there is only one biologically possible solution, but that under other conditions there may be more. Our analyses demonstrate that lower allele frequencies, lower sample numbers, population stratification and a possible |D'| value of 1 are particularly susceptible to distortion of sample Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which has significant implications for calculation of linkage disequilibrium in small sample sizes (eg HapMap) and rarer alleles (eg paucimorphisms, q < 0.05) that may have particular disease relevance and require improved approaches for meaningful evaluation.
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