Expansion of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Mainland Southeast Asia: what are the prospects for smallholders?
Expansion of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Mainland Southeast Asia: what are the prospects for smallholders?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/03066150.2012.750605
复制
发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Castella, Jean-Christophe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fox, Jefferson;Castella, Jean-Christophe
橡胶树原产于潮湿的热带地区，传统上在北纬10度至南纬10度之间的赤道地区种植；在东南亚大陆，包括泰国南部、越南东南部和缅甸南部的部分地区。在20世纪50年代初，中国政府开始在被认为是生态边缘的环境中投资种植橡胶，并最终在北纬22度的地区建立了国家橡胶种植园。中国在这些非传统环境中成功种植橡胶，扩大了橡胶种植的栖息地，并将其推向了北方。今天，来自中国、越南、马来西亚和泰国的企业家正在老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸、越南西北部、泰国东北部和中国云南等地区投资橡胶种植园。然而，橡胶对小农的影响尚不清楚。中国云南西双版纳和泰国东北部的经验清楚地表明，小农橡胶生产是使家庭和社区摆脱贫困的可行和有效的主张。相比之下，在老挝、柬埔寨和缅甸等国，面对投资者和政府机构施加的越来越大的压力，许多农民正在努力维护自己的土地和森林。
The rubber tree is native to the humid tropics and has traditionally been cropped in the equatorial zone between 10 degrees N and 10 degrees S; in mainland Southeast Asia this includes portions of southern Thailand, southeastern Vietnam, and southern Myanmar. In the early 1950s, the Chinese government began to invest in growing rubber in environments perceived to be ecologically marginal and eventually established state rubber plantations in areas that lie as far north as 22 degrees north latitude. China's success in growing rubber in these non-traditional' environments expanded the habitat in which rubber could be planted and pushed it further north. Today entrepreneurs from China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand are investing in rubber plantations in areas of Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar, northwest Vietnam, northeast Thailand, and Yunnan, China. The impact of rubber on smallholders, however, is not yet clear. Experiences in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China and northeast Thailand clearly show that smallholder rubber production is a viable and effective proposition in moving households and communities out of poverty. By contrast in countries such as Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar many farmers are struggling to maintain their lands and forests in the face of growing pressures from investors and government institutions to impose concession arrangements.