IMF and World Bank Structural Adjustment Programs and Poverty
IMF and World Bank Structural Adjustment Programs and Poverty
复制标题
国际货币基金组织和世界银行的结构调整计划与贫困
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
William R. Easterly
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
William R. Easterly
结构调整，以货币基金组织和世界银行提供的调整贷款数量来衡量，减少了增长对减贫的影响。增长确实减少贫困，但我没有发现结构调整对增长产生直接影响的证据。相反，穷人从有许多调整贷款的国家的产出扩大中得到的好处比没有多少调整贷款的国家少。同样，在调整贷款较多的国家，穷人受产出收缩的影响要比调整贷款较少的国家小。较高的调整贷款似乎以类似于较高的不平等的方式降低穷人在总增长中的股份。为什么会这样？一种假设认为，调整贷款是反周期的，可以平滑穷人的消费。有证据表明，调整贷款中的一些政策变量是反周期的，但没有证据表明这些政策变量的周期部分影响到贫穷。我推测，穷人可能处于不利地位，无法利用结构调整改革所创造的新机会，正如他们在改革前受到人为保护的部门失去旧机会所遭受的损失可能较小一样。
: Structural adjustment, as measured by the number of adjustment loans from the IMF and World Bank, reduces the effect of growth on poverty reduction. Growth does reduce poverty, but I find no evidence for a direct effect of structural adjustment on growth. Instead, the poor benefit less from output expansion in countries with many adjustment loans than in countries with few adjustment loans. By the same token, the poor suffer less from an output contraction in countries with many adjustment loans than in countries with few adjustment loans. Higher adjustment lending seems to act in a way similar to higher inequality in lowering the stake of the poor in aggregate growth. Why would this be? One hypothesis that adjustment lending is counter-cyclical in ways that smooth consumption for the poor. There is evidence that some policy variables under adjustment lending are counter-cyclical, but there is no evidence that the cyclical component of those policy variables affects poverty. I speculate that the poor may be ill-placed to take advantage of new opportunities created by structural adjustment reforms, just as they may suffer less from the loss of old opportunities in sectors that were artificially protected prior to reforms.