Evasion of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Respiratory Pathogens
Evasion of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Respiratory Pathogens
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DOI：
10.1165/rcmb.2016-0193ps
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发表时间：
2017-04-01
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Chilvers, Edwin R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Storisteanu, Daniel M. L.;Pocock, Joanna M.;Chilvers, Edwin R.
中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NETs）的释放是旨在捕获病原体的主要免疫机制。这些组蛋白和蛋白酶包被的DNA结构由中性粒细胞释放，以响应各种刺激，包括呼吸道病原体，并已在呼吸道感染，囊性纤维化，急性肺损伤，原发性移植物功能障碍和慢性阻塞性肺病患者的气道中被确定。NET的生产已被证明在肺部感染金黄色葡萄球菌，肺炎克雷伯氏菌，和烟曲霉菌的小鼠。自从十多年前发现NET以来，越来越多的证据表明“NET逃避”可能作为呼吸道病原体（包括A组链球菌、百日咳杆菌和流感嗜血杆菌）的免疫保护策略，其中大部分研究是在过去两年中发表的。逃避策略分为三个主要类别：通过下调宿主炎症反应抑制NET释放;使用病原体来源的DNA酶降解NET;以及对NET的杀菌成分的抗性，这涉及多种机制，包括封装。因此，逃避NET似乎是一种广泛的策略，允许病原体增殖和传播，目前是一个热门的研究课题。本文概述了支持NET逃避的三个主要策略-抑制、降解和抵抗-的证据，特别提到了常见的呼吸道病原体。
The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a major immunemechanism intended to capture pathogens. These histoneand protease-coated DNA structures are released by neutrophils in response to a variety of stimuli, including respiratory pathogens, and have been identified in the airways of patients with respiratory infection, cystic fibrosis, acute lung injury, primary graft dysfunction, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NET production has been demonstrated in the lungs of mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Since the discovery of NETs over a decade ago, evidence that " NET evasion" might act as an immune protection strategy among respiratory pathogens, including group A Streptococcus, Bordetella pertussis, andHaemophilus influenzae, has been growing, with themajority of these studies being published in the past 2 years. Evasion strategies fall into three main categories: inhibition of NET release by down-regulating host inflammatory responses; degradation of NETs using pathogen-derived DNases; and resistance to themicrobicidal components of NETs, which involves a variety of mechanisms, including encapsulation. Hence, the evasion of NETs appears to be a widespread strategy to allow pathogen proliferation and dissemination, and is currently a topic of intense research interest. This article outlines the evidence supporting the three main strategies of NET evasion-inhibition, degradation, and resistance-with particular reference to common respiratory pathogens.