How monkeys see the eyes: cotton-top tamarins’ reaction to changes in visual attention and action
How monkeys see the eyes: cotton-top tamarins’ reaction to changes in visual attention and action
复制标题
猴子如何看待眼睛：棉顶狨猴对视觉注意力和动作变化的反应
作者：
Laurie R Santos;M. Hauser
在群居物种中，发现另一个人在看什么的能力是自适应的，因为凝视方向经常预测一个人关注的是什么，因此它未来的行动可能是什么。我们使用了一种违反预期的程序来确定棉顶罗望鱼(Saguinus Oedipus Oedipus)是否使用另一个人凝视的方向来预测未来的行动。受试者熟悉了这样一个场景：一个人类演员将注意力转向坐在桌子上的两个物体中的一个，然后伸手去拿那个物体。在熟悉之后，受试者看到了两个测试事件。在一次测试中，演员凝视着新的物体，然后伸手去拿那个物体。从人类的角度来看，这一事件被认为与视觉注意和随后的动作之间的因果关系是一致的，即抓住所关注的对象。在第二个测试事件中，演员凝视着旧物体，但伸手去拿新物体。这一事件被认为是违反预期的。当演员用头和眼睛定向时，受试者看第二次测试的时间要长得多，在第二次测试中，演员伸手去拿她以前没有定向过的物体。然而，当演员只用眼睛定位时，两个测试项目的注视时间没有区别。这些发现表明，Tamarins能够使用头部方向和凝视方向的某种组合来预测人类代理人的行动，而不是仅使用凝视方向。
Among social species, the capacity to detect where another individual is looking is adaptive because gaze direction often predicts what an individual is attending to, and thus what its future actions are likely to be. We used an expectancy violation procedure to determine whether cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) use the direction of another individual’s gaze to predict future actions. Subjects were familiarized with a sequence in which a human actor turned her attention toward one of two objects sitting on a table and then reached for that object. Following familiarization, subjects saw two test events. In one test event, the actor gazed at the new object and then reached for that object. From a human perspective, this event is considered consistent with the causal relationship between visual attention and subsequent action, that is, grabbing the object attended to. In the second test event, the actor gazed at the old object, but reached for the new object. This event is considered a violation of expectation. When the actor oriented with both her head-and-eyes, subjects looked significantly longer at the second test event in which the actor reached for the object to which she had not previously oriented. However, there was no difference in looking time between test events when the actor used only her eyes to orient. These findings suggest that tamarins are able to use some combination of head orientation and gaze direction, but not gaze direction alone, to predict the actions of a human agent.