The Surf Clam ITQ Management: An Evaluation
The Surf Clam ITQ Management: An Evaluation
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Surf Clam ITQ 管理：评估
DOI：
10.1086/mre.10.1.42629101
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Stanley D. H. Wang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stanley D. H. Wang
美国冲浪蛤近海渔业是第一个根据《马格努森渔业保护和管理法》采用有限进入和个人可转让配额（ITQ）制度管理的渔业。1977年至1990年期间实行了船只有限入境制度，1990年至今实行了个人可转让配额制度。1977年，由于过度开发和自然灾害，冲浪蛤近海渔业被纳入联邦管理。在20世纪70年代早期的高开发期之后，冲浪蛤的生物量下降到历史最低水平，尽管生物量很低，但新的资本和船只仍继续进入渔业。新泽西海岸的缺氧栖息地条件加剧了这种过度开发状况，据估计，1976年夏天，这种缺氧栖息地条件摧毁了新泽西25%的近海渔业，到当年秋天，这种缺氧栖息地条件摧毁了近70%的渔业。1977年的联邦冲浪蛤蜊管理系统建立了一个船只限制进入计划，包括船只暂停计划，年度渔业捕捞配额，限制船只捕鱼时间，捕捞日志和船只许可证。其他措施，如最小蛤蜊大小增加了在以后的几年。根据船只暂停令，只有在1976年11月至1977年11月期间直接捕捞冲浪蛤蜊的船只才被允许捕捞冲浪蛤蜊，并规定当时正在建造的冲浪蛤蜊船只具有资格。制定了渔业配额，大西洋中部地区的配额在180万至290万蒲式耳之间，新英格兰地区的配额在25万至10万蒲式耳之间。规定了允许捕捞时间，以最大限度地利用捕捞季节。然而，由于捕捞力量的不断增加，允许捕捞时间不断缩短。当1977年首次制定时，有限进入制度下的船舶暂停计划只被授权一年，目的是用股票证书计划等替代方案取代该计划。然而，暂停方案被延长到1990年，而替代方案正在制定中。在此期间，允许的捕鱼时间已大幅减少到历史最低水平：到1990年，一艘冲浪蛤蜊船每隔一周只能捕鱼6小时。允许捕捞时间短导致渔船的能力利用率低，导致渔业公司的经济效益低。根据暂停令，
The U.S. surf clam offshore fishery was the first fishery managed with limited entry and individual transferable quota (ITQ) systems under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. A vessel limited entry system was implemented for a period from 1977 to 1990 and an individual transferable quota system from 1990 to present. In 1977, the surf clam offshore fishery was brought under federal management because of over-exploitation and nature disaster. The surf clam biomass had declined to a historic low after a period of high exploitation in early 1970's and new capital and vessels yet continued to enter into the fishery in spite of the low biomass. This over-exploitation condition was aggravated by an anoxic habitat condition off the New Jersey coast which was estimated to have destroyed 25% of the New Jersey offshore fishery in the summer of 1976 and to have ruined almost 70% of the fishery by the fall of that year. The 1977 federal surf clam management system established a vessel limited entry program consisting of a vessel moratorium program, an annual fishery catch quota, a limitation of vessel fishing hours, catch logbooks and vessel permits. Other measures such as minimum clam size were added in later years. Under the vessel moratorium, only vessels that directed their fishing on surf clams between November 1976 and November 1977, were allowed to fish for surf clams with provisions to qualify surf clam vessels that were then under construction. The fishery quota was established and set within a range between 1.8 and 2.9 million bushels for the MidAtlantic area and between 0.025 and 0.100 million bushels for the New England area. Allowable fishing time was specified to maximize fishing seasons. However, the allowable fishing time was steadily shortened due to continuous increases in the fishing power. When it was first instituted in 1977, the vessel moratorium program under the limited entry system was authorized only for one year with an intent that the program would be replaced with an alternative one such as a stock certificate program. However, the moratorium program was extended to 1990 while an alternative program was under development. During that time, the allowable fishing time had been reduced substantially to a historic low: A surf clam vessel was only permitted to fish six hours every other week by 1990. The low allowable fishing time led to low capacity utilization of fishing vessels and resulted in low economic efficiency of fishing firms. Under the moratorium, the administration of the fishing