The Evolution of Genome Structure by Natural and Sexual Selection
The Evolution of Genome Structure by Natural and Sexual Selection
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DOI：
10.1093/jhered/esw041
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Kirkpatrick, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kirkpatrick, Mark
随着新的基因组学方法、比较方法和理论方法的出现，理解基因组结构如何进化的进展正在加速。本文回顾了对染色体倒位和性染色体如何进化以及它们的进化如何影响物种生态的了解进展。在苍蝇和蚊子的倒置频率的渐变系的分析意味着强大的本地适应，以及过度和显性选择的作用。这些结果与当它们捕获局部适应的等位基因时倒位被建立的假设一致。倒位可以携带对密切相关的物种有益的等位基因，使它们在杂交后渗入。模型显示，这种“适应性盒式磁带”的情况可以引发大范围的扩张，就像最近在疟疾蚊子身上发生的那样。性染色体是某些分类群中进化最快的基因组区域。性拮抗选择可能是性别决定在不同染色体对之间以及XY和ZW系统之间转换的关键驱动力。性染色体和常染色体之间的融合通常涉及Y染色体，如果融合是轻微有害的，并通过漂移固定，则可以解释这种模式。性拮抗选择是解释四足动物性别决定系统对成年动物性别比例有重要影响的假说之一。关于基因组结构如何进化的新观点，比果蝇核型研究的黄金时代所设想的要丰富得多。
Progress on understanding how genome structure evolves is accelerating with the arrival of new genomic, comparative, and theoretical approaches. This article reviews progress in understanding how chromosome inversions and sex chromosomes evolve, and how their evolution affects species' ecology. Analyses of clines in inversion frequencies in flies and mosquitoes imply strong local adaptation, and roles for both over-and under dominant selection. Those results are consistent with the hypothesis that inversions become established when they capture locally adapted alleles. Inversions can carry alleles that are beneficial to closely related species, causing them to introgress following hybridization. Models show that this "adaptive cassette" scenario can trigger large range expansions, as recently happened in malaria mosquitoes. Sex chromosomes are the most rapidly evolving genome regions of some taxa. Sexually antagonistic selection may be the key force driving transitions of sex determination between different pairs of chromosomes and between XY and ZW systems. Fusions between sex-chromosomes and autosomes most often involve the Y chromosome, a pattern that can be explained if fusions are mildly deleterious and fix by drift. Sexually antagonistic selection is one of several hypotheses to explain the recent discovery that the sex determination system has strong effects on the adult sex ratios of tetrapods. The emerging view of how genome structure evolves invokes a much richer constellation of forces than was envisioned during the Golden Age of research on Drosophila karyotypes.