Maidanets'ke. Development and decline of a Trypillia mega-site in Central Ukraine
Maidanets'ke. Development and decline of a Trypillia mega-site in Central Ukraine
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Maidanetske。
DOI：
10.59641/h0912kt
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
René Ohlrau
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
René Ohlrau
在公元前5000年末，黑海北部的森林草原上出现了当时最大的定居点。其中最大的遗址位于南布格河和第聂伯河之间。在那里，它们只相隔几十公里，被认为是部分同时代的。Trypillia的“巨型场地”达到了320公顷的规模，在一个地方有多达3000座建筑。在高峰时期，可能有多达11 000人居住在其中一个定居点。但是，人们是如何聚集在这些拥有数千套住房的特里比利亚“巨型遗址”的呢？这些地方居住了多久，有多少人住在那里？这些定居点是美索不达米亚发展之前的第一批城镇吗？为了解决这些问题，本书介绍了在Maidanets'ke ' mega-site '的调查结果。迄今为止，Maidanets'ke是这些巨大遗址中最复杂的，也是最好的调查之一。根据国际团队的新挖掘，该定居点的历史、结构和区域背景得到了解决。详细介绍了该遗址的发掘成果，包括一个陶器生产场地、一个堤道围栏和几处民居。对该遗址的各个部分进行了广泛的放射性碳测年计划，结合陶器研究，揭示了在公元前3990-3640 cal之间连续居住的几个阶段。根据当代结构的数量，一个“巨型网站”的人口是第一次详细重建。在“巨型遗址”现象的核心地区进行的有针对性的地球物理调查表明，在较大和较小的定居点经常出现特殊的无人居住建筑物和所谓的巨型结构。总的来说，Trypillia定居点系统似乎是可扩展的，小网站在结构上与大网站相似。由于除了规模之外，定居模式没有明显的差异，“巨型遗址”的城市特征受到质疑。
At the end of the 5th millennium BCE, some of the vastest settlements of the time emerged on the forest steppe north of the Black Sea. The largest of these sites were found between the Southern Bug and Dnieper river. There they occur only tens of kilometres apart and are assumed to be partly coeval. The Trypillia ‘mega-sites’ reached sizes of up to 320 hectares with up to 3000 buildings in one place. During their peak times as many as 11,000 people could have lived in one of those settlements. But how did people come together in these Trypillia ‘mega-sites’ with several thousand dwellings? How long were such sites inhabited, and how many people lived there? Were these settlements the first towns, preceding the Mesopotamian development? To address these questions, this book presents the results of the investigations at the Maidanets’ke ‘mega-site’. To date, Maidanets’ke represents the most complex of these enormous sites and is also among the best investigated ones. Based on new excavations by international teams, the settlement’s history, its structure and regional context are addressed. The excavation results, with features like a pottery production site, a causewayed enclosure and several dwellings, are presented in detail. An extensive radiocarbon dating program conducted on various parts of the site, in combination with pottery studies, revealed several phases of continuous occupation between 3990-3640 cal BCE. According to the number of contemporary structures, the demography of a ‘mega-site’ is reconstructed in detail for the first time. Targeted geophysical surveys in the core area of the ‘mega-site’ phenomenon show that exceptional non-inhabited buildings and so-called mega-structures occur regularly in both larger and smaller settlements. Overall, the Trypillia settlement system appears scalable, with small sites being structurally similar to larger ones. With no clear differences in the settlement pattern except size, the urban character of ‘mega-sites’ is called into question.