Allergic symptoms in association with naturalness, greenness, and greyness: A cross-sectional study in schoolchildren in the Alps
Allergic symptoms in association with naturalness, greenness, and greyness: A cross-sectional study in schoolchildren in the Alps
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2020.110456
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发表时间：
2021-05-27
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Markevych, Iana
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dzhambov, Angel M.;Lercher, Peter;Markevych, Iana
背景：绿色可以通过影响空气污染和人类微生物相互作用来预防或加剧过敏风险。然而，现有的关于这个问题的研究是多种多样的，并且产生了相互矛盾的结果。关于灰色的影响知之甚少。本研究调查了居住和学校环境的不同特征与学童过敏症状之间的关系。方法：本次横断面调查于 2004/2005 年对奥地利和意大利几个高山山谷的 1251 名学童（8-12 岁）进行。儿童母亲填写了一份调查问卷，询问过敏症状（国际哮喘和儿童过敏研究调查问卷）、社会人口统计信息、生活方式、围产期数据和住房条件。我们构建了四个总体结果变量：当前的哮喘症状、曾经的哮喘症状、曾经的过敏性鼻炎（AR）症状和曾经的湿疹症状。我们采用了著名的绿色度和灰色度暴露指标（归一化植被指数、树冠覆盖度、农业覆盖度、不渗透性覆盖度和工业覆盖度）以及另一种自然指数（与自然的距离，D2N）。调整后的逻辑回归用于探索每个暴露-结果对之间的关联。空气污染（二氧化氮）、交通噪音和户外时间被作为因果中介分析中的潜在中介进行了测试。结果：家庭周围 500 米缓冲区自然度的降低与 AR 症状的患病率较高相关。与哮喘症状的关联方向相同，但略有显着性。住宅 NDVI 和树木覆盖率与较低的哮喘和 AR 症状患病率略有相关。拥有一个家庭花园与较低的哮喘症状患病率相关。 100 米缓冲区内的学校绿化与 AR 症状的患病率较低相关。住宅的灰色与 AR 和哮喘症状的患病率较高有关。我们观察到不运动的人和没有过敏家族史的儿童与绿色和灰色的关联性更强。在一些暴露-结果对中存在二氧化氮和户外时间的中介作用。结论：居住在自然度较低、灰度较高的地方的学童可能更容易患过敏性鼻炎和哮喘。考虑比绿色和灰色更全面的指标，并对没有过敏性疾病家族史的儿童进行研究，可能是更好地了解谁可以从自然景观中受益的关键。
Background: Greenness may protect from or contribute to allergy risk by influencing air pollution and humanmicrobe interactions. However, existing research on the issue is heterogeneous and produced conflicting results. Less in known about the effects of greyness. This study investigated the association between different characteristics of residential and school environment and allergic symptoms in schoolchildren.Methods: The present cross-sectional survey was undertaken in 2004/2005 among 1251 schoolchildren (8-12 years old) in several alpine valleys in Austria and Italy. Children's mothers completed a questionnaire that asked about allergic symptoms (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire), sociodemographic information, lifestyle, perinatal data, and housing conditions. We constructed four aggregate outcome variables: current asthma symptoms, ever asthma symptoms, ever allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms, and ever eczema symptoms. We employed well-known greenness and greyness exposure indicators (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, tree canopy cover, agricultural cover, imperviousness cover, and industrial cover), as well as an alternative naturalness index (Distance to Nature, D2N). Adjusted logistic regressions were used to explore associations between each exposure-outcome pair. Air pollution (NO2), traffic noise and time spent outdoors were tested as potential mediators in causal mediation analysis. Results: Decrease in naturalness in a 500-m buffer around the home was associated with higher prevalence of AR symptoms. Associations with asthma symptoms were in the same direction but marginally significant. Residential NDVI and tree cover were marginally associated with lower prevalence of asthma and AR symptoms. Having a domestic garden was associated with lower prevalence of asthma symptoms. School greenness in a 100-m buffer was associated with lower prevalence of AR symptoms. Residential greyness was associated with higher prevalence of AR and asthma symptoms. We observed stronger associations for greenness and greyness in non-movers and in children without a family history of allergies. Mediation by NO2 and time spent outdoors was present in some of the exposure-outcome pairs. Conclusions: Schoolchildren residing in places with lower naturalness and higher greyness may be more likely to have allergic rhinitis and possibly asthma. Considering more comprehensive indicators than greenness and greyness and conducting research in children without a family history of allergic diseases may be key to better understanding who can profit from natural landscapes.