Keynote talk: Augmented, Adaptive, Accessible, and Inclusive Things
Keynote talk: Augmented, Adaptive, Accessible, and Inclusive Things
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主题演讲：增强、自适应、无障碍和包容性事物
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
Ilaria Torre
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作者：
Ilaria Torre
在本次主题演讲中，我将阐述 W3C 物联网 (WoT) 范式的主要原则，并讨论通过 WoT 和适应技术增强可访问性的问题。在物联网 (IoT) 的新时代，人和物越来越沉浸在旨在简化和改善日常活动的计算环境中。与此同时，Web 不断发展，应用程序逻辑和数据日益分散，新的丰富 Web 应用程序和流动软件正在提供增强的用户体验 [3]。基于 Web 的方法和开放标准分别被视为增强与事物交互和提高跨物联网平台互操作性的手段 [2]。 2017 年，W3C 成立了物联网 (WoT) 工作组，旨在提供标准，将事物描述为语义互操作性和发现的基础，并通过独立于底层协议的通用交互模型简化应用程序开发。 WoT 基于 Web 架构的基础知识。 WoT 应用程序是公开事物并实现事物行为的程序，或者使用 API 与事物交互以控制传感器和执行器并访问相关元数据。事物描述 (TD) 是 WoT 的核心构建块；其核心组件是根据属性、动作和事件定义的交互模型，其语义在TD词汇表中指定。在 WoT 范式中，事物是物理数字对象的虚拟表示，也是非数字事物的虚拟表示，例如人、地点和日常物体。这是提高现实世界对象的可访问性和可用性的绝佳机会。这个想法是，通过物理对象的虚拟化，即使是原本不可访问和包容的（数字或非数字）对象，如果进行适当的调整也可以变得可访问，例如通过更改用户界面和交互方式以满足用户的需求[4-6]。这将实现一个数字增强物理对象的开放生态系统，我喜欢将其称为 AAAI Things（增强型、自适应型、可访问性和包容性事物），其首字母缩写词明确提到了 AI1 的作用。人工智能确实是适应任务的关键组成部分，旨在调整和个性化用户界面以及与对象的交互。当前的 W3CWAI 标准提供了对可访问性和通用性的支持。此外，辅助功能 API 用于将有关用户界面的语义信息传达给人们使用的辅助技术软件 1AAAI（人工智能促进协会）。论文作者的单篇论文版权所有 © 2019。允许出于私人和学术目的进行复制。本卷由其编辑出版并拥有版权。 IUI 研讨会’19，2019 年 3 月 20 日，美国洛杉矶，残疾人士。然而，这可能不足以支持微调的适应。除了上述标准可能需要扩展来管理物联网设备上的辅助功能 [1] 之外，另一个问题是残疾是异构的，并且通常一个主体有不止一种残疾，这需要特定的适应。这也是认知障碍的情况，例如可能需要内容适应2。为了解决这个问题，我们早在 2014 年 [2] 就提出了一种方法，在 WoT 上虚拟化物理对象，并调整与网络物理对象虚拟端的交互，以使物理对象可访问。然后，在[3]中，我们还描述了我们的对象虚拟化和注释方法如何利用和扩展全球公共包容性基础设施（GPII），这使得能够通过云服务将独立于平台的用户偏好和需求从一个设备传输到另一个设备。仍需开展大量研究来最终确定 WoT 标准化并更新网络可访问性标准。 WoT 的个性化也仍处于早期阶段，但在物联网快速发展的推动下，预计会快速发展。
In this keynote talk, I will illustrate the main principles of the W3C Web of Things (WoT) paradigm and I will discuss the issue of enhanced accessibility through the WoT and adaptation techniques. In this new age of the Internet of Things (IoT), people and things are increasingly immersed in a computing environment that is aimed to simplify and improve daily activities. Meanwhile, the Web is evolving, application logic and data is increasingly distributed, the new rich web applications and liquid software are offering enhanced user experience [3].Web-basedmethods and open standards are seen as a mean to augment the interaction with things and to increase the interoperability across IoT platforms, respectively [2]. In 2017 theW3C launched theWeb of Things (WoT)Working Group aimed to provide standards that describe things as a basis for semantic interoperability and discovery and that simplify application development through a common interaction model independent of the underlying protocols. The WoT is based upon the fundamentals of Web architecture. WoT applications are programs that either expose a thing and implement a thing’s behavior, or interact with a thing using APIs for control of sensors and actuators and access to associated metadata. The Thing Description (TD) is a central building block of the WoT; its core component is the interaction model defined in terms of properties, actions and events, whose semantics is specified in the TD vocabulary. In the WoT paradigm, things are virtual representations of physical digital objects but also of nondigital things, such as people, places, and everyday objects. This is an extraordinary opportunity to increase accessibility and usability of real world objects. The idea is that through the virtualization of physical objects, even (digital or non-digital) objects which are not natively accessible and inclusive, can become accessible if proper adaptations are performed, for instance by changing the user interface and the interaction modalities in order to fit the user’s needs [4–6]. This would enable an open ecosystem of digitally augmented physical objects that I like to callAAAI Things (Augmented, Adaptive, Accessible and Inclusive Things) with a clear reference in the acronym to the role of AI1. AI is indeed a key component for the adaptation task, aimed to tune and personalize the user interface and the interaction with the objects. Current W3CWAI standards offer support for accessibility and universality. Moreover, Accessibility APIs are used to communicate semantic information about the user interface to assistive technology software used by people 1AAAI (Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence). Copyright © 2019 for the individual papers by the papers’ authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes. This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors. IUI Workshops’19, March 20, 2019, Los Angeles, USA with disabilities. However, this could be not enough to support finetuned adaptations. Besides the fact that the standards above might require extensions to manage accessibility features on IoT devices [1], a further problem is that disabilities are heterogeneous and often a subject has more than one disability, which requires specific adaptations. This is also the case of cognitive impairment, where for instance content adaptation might be required2. To address this issue, already in 2014 [2] we proposed an approach that virtualizes physical objects on the WoT and adapts the interaction with the virtual side of cyber-physical objects in order to make physical objects accessible. Then, in [3] we also described how our approach of object virtualization and annotation could exploit and extend the Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII), which enables the transfer of platform-independent user preferences and needs from one device to another via a cloud service. Much research must still be done to finalize WoT standardization and to update web accessibility standards. Personalization for the WoT is still at early stage as well, but a fast development is expected, driven by the rapid evolution of the IoT.