Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranchs.
Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranchs.
复制标题
软骨鱼摄食的进化和生态学。
DOI：
10.1093/icb/icm029
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
C. Sanford
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Wilga;P. Motta;C. Sanford
古生代软骨鱼类有一个大的张口，许多钉状牙齿，有限的颅运动，和非悬挂舌骨，这表明一个喂养机制为主的咬和公羊。现代鲨鱼的特征是移动的上颚由高度动态的悬挂舌骨弓支撑。在蝙蝠类中，上颌与颅骨分离，允许下颌广泛突出。与辐鳃类相似，高度移动的下颌骨和舌骨的进化与板鳃类的摄食方式，特别是吸力的广泛辐射有关。现代板鳃类动物拥有一个非常多样的进食方式，而这个类群的物种却如此之少。咬食、吸食或滤食可以与公羊一起使用来捕获猎物，大多数物种在攻击过程中能够使用这些行为的组合。吸食在所有最近的主要板鳃类分支中反复出现，并与一套形态和行为的专门化有关。本研究探讨在不同的板鳃类集合中，对猎物的捕捉。在口中和猎物所在位置测量的水压下降表明，吸入流量随着距离捕食者嘴的距离迅速下降。板鳃类专门从事吸食，可能仅限于底部相关的猎物，因为他们的小张口可能有一个饮食限制，以相对较小的猎物。行为可以影响性能并克服流体介质施加的约束。吸力性能可以通过接近基板或通过减少捕食者到猎物的距离使用各种形态和/或行为特征来增强。底栖吸食动物的利益，增加罢工半径，由于偏转的水流时，喂养接近基板，也许需要较少的准确性时，捕捉猎物。吸食和吸食的板鳃类动物也可以利用吸入流从短距离吸引猎物，而吸食的鲨鱼必须加速并超过猎物。摄食策略和生态学之间的关系可能部分取决于生态、机械或进化的专业化。机械吸食专家板鳃类主要是底栖的，而大多数底栖和远洋板鳃类是多面手，并使用公羊，吸力和咬捕捉各种各样的猎物在不同的栖息地。有些鲨鱼被认为是生态专家，会选择某些种类的猎物。蝙蝠是具有扁平形态的进化专家，大多数是多面手。滤食性板鳃类动物是生态学、机械学和进化方面的专家。
Paleozoic chondrichthyans had a large gape, numerous spike-like teeth, limited cranial kinesis, and a non-suspensory hyoid, suggesting a feeding mechanism dominated by bite and ram. Modern sharks are characterized by a mobile upper jaw braced by a suspensory hyoid arch that is highly kinetic. In batoids, the upper jaw is dissociated from the cranium permitting extensive protrusion of the jaws. Similar to actinopterygians, the evolution of highly mobile mandibular and hyoid elements has been correlated with extensive radiation of feeding modes in elasmobranchs, particularly that of suction. Modern elasmobranchs possess a remarkable variety of feeding modes for a group containing so few species. Biting, suction or filter-feeding may be used in conjunction with ram to capture prey, with most species able to use a combination of behaviors during a strike. Suction-feeding has repeatedly arisen within all recent major elasmobranch clades and is associated with a suite of morphological and behavioral specializations. Prey capture in a diverse assemblage of purported suction-feeding elasmobranchs is investigated in this study. Drop in water pressure measured in the mouth and at the location of the prey shows that suction inflow drops off rapidly with distance from the predator's mouth. Elasmobranchs specializing in suction-feeding may be limited to bottom associated prey and because of their small gape may have a diet restricted to relatively small prey. Behavior can affect performance and overcome constraints imposed by the fluid medium. Suction performance can be enhanced by proximity to a substrate or by decreasing distance from predator to prey using various morphological and/or behavioral characteristics. Benthic suction-feeders benefit by the increased strike radius due to deflection of water flow when feeding close to a substrate, and perhaps require less accuracy when capturing prey. Suction and ram-suction-feeding elasmobranchs can also use suction inflow to draw prey to them from a short distance, while ram-feeding sharks must accelerate and overtake the prey. The relationship between feeding strategy and ecology may depend in part on ecological, mechanistic or evolutionary specialization. Mechanistic suction-feeding specialist elasmobranchs are primarily benthic, while most epibenthic and pelagic elasmobranchs are generalists and use ram, suction, and biting to catch a diversity of prey in various habitats. Some shark species are considered to be ecological specialists in choosing certain kinds of prey over others. Batoids are evolutionary specialists in having a flattened morphology and most are generalist feeders. Filter-feeding elasmobranchs are ecological, mechanistic, and evolutionary specialists.