The Frontoparietal Fossa and Dorsotemporal Fenestra of Archosaurs and Their Significance for Interpretations of Vascular and Muscular Anatomy in Dinosaurs
The Frontoparietal Fossa and Dorsotemporal Fenestra of Archosaurs and Their Significance for Interpretations of Vascular and Muscular Anatomy in Dinosaurs
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DOI：
10.1002/ar.24218
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发表时间：
2019-07-13
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Witmer, Lawrence M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Holliday, Casey M.;Porter, William Ruger;Witmer, Lawrence M.
颚肌的附着与羊膜动物颅顶背颞孔的演化和形状有关。然而，许多始祖类爬行动物的背颞窗在背颞窝的吻侧和背侧有光滑的挖掘，背颞窝与背颞窗和颌肌附着物紧密相连。先前的研究已经典型地确定了这个区域，这里称为额顶窝，也有颌合肌的附着面。然而，对现存和已灭绝的祖龙的大量观察表明，其他组织决定了额顶窝的大小和形状。本研究回顾了支持额顶窝软组织假说的解剖学证据及其在蜥脚类动物中的系统发育分布。软组织假说（即肌肉、气窦、血管组织）在现存和灭绝的分类群的系统发育框架内使用解剖学、成像和体内热成像技术进行了分析，以确定恐龙、拟类动物和其他爬行动物头盖骨软组织重建的推断力。相关的解剖学特征表明，由于完全缺乏反映肌肉附着的骨学相关性，因此拒绝了默认的假设-窝是肌肉的。最受支持的软组织推断是，额顶窝含有大的血管结构和脂肪组织。尽管在恐龙分类群中发现的这些窝的大小和形态各异，但这些数据表明，非鸟类恐龙具有解剖学基础来支持其头骨顶部的生理上重要的血管装置和/或血管被结构。Anat Rec, 2019。(c) 2019 Wiley期刊公司
The attachments of jaw muscles are typically implicated in the evolution and shape of the dorsotemporal fenestra on the skull roof of amniotes. However, the dorsotemporal fenestrae of many archosaurian reptiles possess smooth excavations rostral and dorsal to the dorsotemporal fossa which closely neighbors the dorsotemporal fenestra and jaw muscle attachments. Previous research has typically identified this region, here termed the frontoparietal fossa, to also have attachment surfaces for jaw-closing muscles. However, numerous observations of extant and extinct archosaurs described here suggest that other tissues are instead responsible for the size and shape of the frontoparietal fossa. This study reviewed the anatomical evidence that support soft-tissue hypotheses of the frontoparietal fossa and its phylogenetic distribution among sauropsids. Soft-tissue hypotheses (i.e., muscle, pneumatic sinus, vascular tissues) were analyzed using anatomical, imaging and in vivo thermography techniques within a phylogenetic framework using extant and extinct taxa to determine the inferential power underlying the reconstruction of the soft tissues in the skull roofs of dinosaurs, pseudosuchians, and other reptiles. Relevant anatomical features argue for rejection of the default hypothesis-that the fossa was muscular-due to a complete lack of osteological correlates reflective of muscle attachment. The most-supported inference of soft tissues is that the frontoparietal fossa contained a large vascular structure and adipose tissue. Despite the large sizes and diverse morphologies of these fossae found among dinosaur taxa, these data suggest that non-avian dinosaurs had the anatomical foundation to support physiologically significant vascular devices and/or vascular integumentary structures on their skull roofs. Anat Rec, 2019. (c) 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.