Food Insecurity and the Unsustainable Hunting of Wildlife in a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Food Insecurity and the Unsustainable Hunting of Wildlife in a UNESCO World Heritage Site
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DOI：
10.3389/fsufs.2019.00099
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Golden, Christopher D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Borgerson, Cortni;Razafindrapaoly, BeNoel;Golden, Christopher D.
马达加斯加在生物多样性保护和公共卫生方面面临双重挑战。为了确定在维持或改善儿童营养的同时减少对濒危物种的不可持续狩猎的策略，我们量化了生态系统指标（狐猴密度和栖息地生物多样性指数）、健康指标（发育迟缓、体重不足、消瘦和贫血）、营养、粮食安全、通过对387个家庭的1750人的访谈，以及对马达加斯加马索阿拉半岛15个地点的28个野生动物样带156个栖息地的调查，该地区被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。被调查的人口在前一年吃了6,726只森林动物（哺乳动物和鸟类），或平均每人3.27公斤野生肉（相当于每个成年人4.48公斤）。当地的马达加斯加人也高度粮食不安全（78%的家庭）和营养不良（五岁以下儿童中，多达67%发育迟缓，60%体重不足，25%消瘦，40%贫血）。在一些社区，近75%的动物来源的卡路里、76%的蛋白质和74%的铁来自森林动物——表明对野生食物的强烈依赖。几乎没有充足供应的富含微量营养素的野生肉类替代品，而且许多都极易挥发；例如，前一年79%的鸡死于新城疫。狐猴的生存（94%的狐猴物种面临灭绝的威胁）取决于为营养不良的人口提供粮食安全，这些人口通常以狩猎野生动物为食。目前，野生动物是微量营养素的重要来源，但猎杀濒危物种是解决饮食不良和粮食不安全问题的一个站不住脚的办法。鉴于野生食物与人类营养之间的既定联系，森林和野生动物数量的减少也将威胁到当地的食物供应。为了减少对濒危物种的不可持续狩猎，同时改善家庭粮食安全和儿童健康，我们建议在森林对粮食安全贡献最大的社区测试提高富含微量营养素的动物性食品的可负担性、可及性和稳定性的效果。
Madagascar faces dual challenges in biodiversity conservation and public health. In order to identify strategies to reduce the unsustainable hunting of threatened species while maintaining or improving child nutrition, we quantified interactions among ecosystem indicators (lemur density and habitat biodiversity indices), health indicators (stunting, underweight, wasting, and anemia), nutrition, food security, and wildlife hunting through interviews of 1,750 people in 387 households and surveys of 28 wildlife transects with 156 habitat plots at 15 sites on Madagascar's Masoala Peninsula, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The surveyed population ate 6,726 forest animals (mammals and birds), or a mean of 3.27 kg of wild meat per person (4.48 kg per adult equivalent) during the prior year. Local Malagasy were also highly food insecure (78% of households) and malnourished (for children under five, as many as 67% were stunted, 60% were underweight, 25% were wasted, and 40% were anemic). In some communities, nearly 75% of animal-sourced calories, 76% of protein, and 74% of iron came from forest animals-demonstrating a strong dependence on wild foods. Few micronutrient-rich alternatives to wild meats were available in adequate supply and many were highly volatile; for example, 79% of chickens died from Newcastle disease in the prior year. The survivorship of lemurs (94% of lemur species are threatened with extinction) depends on providing food security to a malnourished human population who commonly hunts wildlife for food. Currently, wildlife provides a critical source of micronutrients, yet the hunting of threatened species is an untenable solution to poor diet and food insecurity. Given the established connection between wild foods and human nutrition, reductions in forests and wildlife populations will also threaten the local food supply. In order to reduce the unsustainable hunting of threatened species while improving household food security and child health, we suggest testing the effects of increasing the affordability, accessibility, and stability of micro-nutrient rich animal-sourced foods in communities where forests contribute the most to food security.