The primacy of primary control is a human universal: A reply to Gould's (1999) critique of the life-span theory of control
The primacy of primary control is a human universal: A reply to Gould's (1999) critique of the life-span theory of control
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DOI：
10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.605
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发表时间：
1999-07-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Schulz, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heckhausen, J;Schulz, R
这是对S的回答。J. Gould（1999）对J. Heckhausen和R. Schulz（1995）的控制寿命理论解决了四个问题：（1）普遍认为初级控制比次级控制具有功能优先性，（2）次级控制作为初级控制的同盟者的地位，（3）调查普遍性和文化差异的经验证据和范式，以及（4）人类控制系统在整个生命周期中管理控制增益和损失的能力，特别是与衰老相关的衰退。本文从进化心理学、比较心理学、发展心理学和文化心理学的理论视角和实证证据来支持作者的观点，即初级控制力在整个生命周期以及跨文化和历史环境中都具有功能性的首要地位。建议实证调查的方式主要控制努力的变化，在不同的文化中表达的概述。
This reply to S. J. Gould's (1999) critique of J. Heckhausen and R. Schulz's (1995) Life-span theory of control addresses four issues: (1) the universal claim that primary control holds functional primacy over secondary control, (2) the status of secondary control as a confederate to primary control, (3) empirical evidence and paradigms for investigating universality and cultural variations, and (4) the capacity of the human control system to manage both gains and losses in control throughout the life span and aging-related decline in particular. Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence from evolutionary, comparative, developmental, and cultural psychology are presented to support the authors' view that primary control striving holds functional primacy throughout the life span and across cultural and historical settings. Recommendations for empirically investigating the variations in the way primary control striving is expressed in different cultures are outlined.