Environmental and Hydrogeochemical Controls of Spicular Geyserite in Opaline Hot Spring Deposits

Environmental and Hydrogeochemical Controls of Spicular Geyserite in Opaline Hot Spring Deposits
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蛋白石温泉矿床中针状辉沸石的环境和水文地球化学控制

DOI:
10.1029/2022ea002645
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发表时间:
2023
影响因子:
3.1
通讯作者:
van Zuilen, M. A.
van Zuilen, M. A.
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Munoz‐Saez, C.;Gong, J.;Perez‐Fodich, A.;van Zuilen, M. A.

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硅质针状体是一种微层状硅辉石矿床,或微叠层石,在高温温泉和间歇泉周围发现,与间歇性的水花有关。了解这些结构的形成条件将有助于了解生命前环境和早期生命的关键参数。我们提供了来自智利阿塔卡马沙漠El Tatio热液场的两个间歇泉的新数据集,这是早期地球和火星上可居住环境的现代模拟。小针状体(直径小于5 mm)主要分布在火山口附近,而较大的针状体(直径小于5 mm)在火山口远端形成复杂的柱状结构(距离火山口0.3 m)。流体动力学、喷发周期和环境条件调节着喷口周围的温度和冷却模式。间歇泉喷发时,到达地面的水温随着离喷口的距离而降低。由于强风和冷空气的影响,晚上的降温效果更强。快速水冷却驱动非晶态二氧化硅过饱和,因此随着离排气口的距离,沉淀率显著增加。冷却还控制了细菌群落的变化,从直径<1 μm的细丝在靠近通风口处占主导地位,到远端通风口处直径1 - 2 μm的细丝。二氧化硅沉淀速率和生物群的变化可以控制针状体的生长和向柱状体的过渡。估计的二氧化硅沉淀率提供了这些结构寿命和内部层状形成时间的初步近似。微层压将在离火山口较近的时间尺度上形成,在离火山口较远的时间尺度上形成。
Siliceous spicules are micro‐laminated geyserite deposits, or micro‐stromatolites, found around high temperature hot‐springs and geysers, associated with intermittent splashes of water. Understanding conditions of formation of these structures will give insights of critical parameters involved in prebiotic environments and early life. We provide a new data set around two geysers from the El Tatio hydrothermal field, Atacama Desert, Chile, a modern analogue for habitable environments on early Earth and Mars. Small spicules (<5 mm diameter) dominate in the near vent areas, whereas larger spicules (>5 mm diameter) form complex columnar structures in the distal vent (>0.3 m distance from the vent). Hydrodynamics, eruption periodicity, and environmental conditions modulate the temperature and cooling patterns around vents. During geyser eruptions, the temperature of water reaching the ground decreases with the distance from the vent. Cooling is stronger during the evenings, due to strong winds and cold air temperature. Rapid water cooling drives supersaturation of amorphous silica, and therefore precipitation rates increase significantly with distance from the vent. Cooling also controls changes in the bacterial communities, from thin filaments <1 μm diameter predominating closer to the vent, to 1–2 μm diameter filaments in the distal vent. Changes in the silica precipitation rate and biota may control the growth of spicules and the transition to columns. Estimated precipitation rates of silica provide a first approximation of the longevity of these structures and the timing for the formation of internal laminations. Microlamination will form in year time‐scales closer to the vent, and weeks farther from the vent.
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