Seasonal trends of legacy and alternative flame retardants in river water in a boreal catchment.
Seasonal trends of legacy and alternative flame retardants in river water in a boreal catchment.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.158
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发表时间：
2019-07
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jakob Gustavsson;K. Wiberg;M. A. Nguyen;S. Josefsson;H. Laudon;L. Ahrens
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jakob Gustavsson;K. Wiberg;M. A. Nguyen;S. Josefsson;H. Laudon;L. Ahrens
北方森林储存了大量大气沉积的（半）持久性有机污染物。陆地持久性有机污染物可能会通过受季节性影响很大的过程被排放到溪流和河流中。在这项筛选研究中，确定了北方欧洲（Krycklan流域研究; 3个地点）相对原始的北方流域内溪流和波罗的海下游受人类活动影响更大的河流（3个地点）中溶解和颗粒相的4种传统阻燃剂和45种替代阻燃剂（FR）的浓度。采样包括主要水文季节（无雪、积雪和春季洪水），并在连续两年（2014-2016年）进行。在分析的49种阻燃剂中，至少在一种样品中检测到11种替代卤代阻燃剂（HFR）、13种替代有机磷阻燃剂（OPFR）和4种传统多溴联苯醚（PBDE）。∑HFRs（38 ± 70 ng L−1）的∑FRs（溶解+颗粒）平均总体浓度（包括所有地点）最高，其次是∑OPFRs（3.9 ± 4.9 ng L−1）和∑PBDEs（0.0040 ± 0.016 ng L−1）。HFRs、OPFRs和PBDE的总体浓度随季节和采样地点而变化很大，例如，在春季洪水期间，HFRs、OPFRs和PBDE的总体浓度分别比流量较低期间高出600倍、3.7倍和4.9倍。在2015年春季洪水实际开始前约6天，所有地点的∑ OPFR的总浓度都有所升高，表明积雪内发生了疏水性分离。与先前对同一水源集水区的其他持久性有机污染物的研究类似，总体趋势是沼泽地的∑ FR水平高于森林。与原始集水区的出口相比，在Umeiran市下游，FR的年通量高出约15倍。考虑到分析的大量不同FR和结果的变异性，本研究应视为筛选研究。
Boreal forests store large amounts of atmospherically deposited (semi-)persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The terrestrial POPs may be exported to streams and rivers through processes that are heavily impacted by seasonality. In this screening study, concentrations of 4 legacy and 45 alternative flame retardants (FRs) were determined in the dissolved and particulate phase in streams within a relatively pristine boreal catchment in northern Europe (Krycklan Catchment Study; 3 sites) and in rivers more impacted by human activities further downstream towards the Baltic Sea (3 sites). The sampling included the main hydrological seasons (snow-free, snow-covered, and spring flood) and was conducted during two consecutive years (2014–2016). Of the 49 analyzed FRs, 11 alternative halogenated FRs (HFRs), 13 alternative organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs), and 4 legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in at least one sample. The average bulk (dissolved + particulate) concentrations of ∑FRs (including all sites) were highest for ∑HFRs (38 ± 70 ng L−1), followed by the ∑OPFRs (3.9 ± 4.9 ng L−1) and the ∑PBDEs (0.0040 ± 0.016 ng L−1). Bulk concentrations of HFRs, OPFRs, and PBDEs were highly variable with season and sampling location, e.g., during spring flood, bulk concentrations were up to 600 times, 3.7 times, and 4.9 times higher for HFRs, OPFRs and PBDEs, respectively, than during periods of lower flow. Bulk concentrations of ∑OPFRs, were elevated at all sites ~6 days before the actual start of the spring flood in 2015, suggesting that hydrophobicity fractionation had occurred within the snowpack. Similar to previous studies of other POPs in the same headwater catchment, there was a general trend that levels of ∑FRs were higher at the mire site than at the forested site. Annual fluxes of FRs were found to be ~15 times higher downstream the city of Umeå compared to at the outlet of the pristine catchment. This study should be regarded as a screening study considering the large number of diverse FRs analyzed and variability in the results.