The many flavours of halogen bonds – message from experimental electron density and Raman spectroscopy

The many flavours of halogen bonds – message from experimental electron density and Raman spectroscopy
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卤素键的多种风味——来自实验电子密度和拉曼光谱的信息

DOI:
10.1107/s205322961901132x
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
U. Englert
U. Englert
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
R. Wang;J. George;S. K. Potts;M. Kremer;R. Dronskowski;U. Englert

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基于高分辨率衍射实验的实验电子密度研究可以对重卤素之间的卤键进行分类。Cl <$Cl接触中的电子密度的拓扑性质作为相互作用距离的函数平滑地变化。对于碘和小的电负性亲核试剂(如氮或氧)之间的卤键,情况就不那么简单了,其中键临界点的电子密度不会简单地随着距离的缩短而增加。涉及碘的成功电荷密度研究的数量很少,但至少观察到三个案例的个别例子。(a)富电子亲核试剂和重卤素原子之间的卤键很短,类似于三中心四电子键,具有相当对称的重卤素,没有明显的σ空穴。(b)对于卤键的窄中间范围,具有显著σ空穴的重卤素的不对称电子情况导致卤键的(3,−1)临界点的电子密度相当低;该键临界点的性质不能完全描述相关相互作用的性质。(c)对于较长且可能较弱的接触,卤素键临界点中的电子密度仅在较小程度上因σ孔的存在而降低,因此可能高于上述情况。除了电子密度及其衍生性质之外,与σ孔相对的卤素-碳键距离和相关振动的拉曼频率成为衡量卤素键强度的替代标准。我们发现非常长的C-I距离的四氟二碘苯分子的共晶与短卤键和显着的红移其拉曼振动。
Experimental electron-density studies based on high-resolution diffraction experiments allow halogen bonds between heavy halogens to be classified. The topological properties of the electron density in Cl⋯Cl contacts vary smoothly as a function of the interaction distance. The situation is less straightforward for halogen bonds between iodine and small electronegative nucleophiles, such as nitrogen or oxygen, where the electron density in the bond critical point does not simply increase for shorter distances. The number of successful charge–density studies involving iodine is small, but at least individual examples for three cases have been observed. (a) Very short halogen bonds between electron-rich nucleophiles and heavy halogen atoms resemble three-centre–four-electron bonds, with a rather symmetric heavy halogen and without an appreciable σ hole. (b) For a narrow intermediate range of halogen bonds, the asymmetric electronic situation for the heavy halogen with a pronounced σ hole leads to rather low electron density in the (3,−1) critical point of the halogen bond; the properties of this bond critical point cannot fully describe the nature of the associated interaction. (c) For longer and presumably weaker contacts, the electron density in the halogen bond critical point is only to a minor extent reduced by the presence of the σ hole and hence may be higher than in the aforementioned case. In addition to the electron density and its derived properties, the halogen–carbon bond distance opposite to the σ hole and the Raman frequency for the associated vibration emerge as alternative criteria to gauge the halogen-bond strength. We find exceptionally long C—I distances for tetrafluorodiiodobenzene molecules in cocrystals with short halogen bonds and a significant red shift for their Raman vibrations.
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