Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum
Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-12-391448-4.00023-x
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发表时间：
2017-11-24
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Miller RA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Herbert RA;Janardhan KS;Pandiri AR;Cesta MF;Chen V;Miller RA
肺经常暴露在大量吸入的可能含有有毒外源性物质的空气中。随着我们在日常活动、职业环境、家用产品的气溶胶喷雾剂的使用以及吸入支气管疗法的发展，我们可能会接触到各种来自空气污染物的呼吸毒性物质，肺毒理学已成为毒理学的一个重要分支。在血液接触有毒物质后，肺部容易受到伤害。暴露于空气或血液毒性物质后对损伤的易感性和反应类型在很大程度上取决于毒性物质的理化特性和浓度、暴露时间、部位/组织特异性敏感性以及肺防御机制的完整性。在本章中，详细讨论了非肿瘤性和肿瘤性自发病变以及通过各种途径（但主要是通过吸入）暴露于有毒物质后在大鼠肺部发生的病变，从而深入了解人类肺部如何对有毒化学物质作出反应。此外，还详细讨论了大鼠肺的大体解剖和显微解剖。虽然在实验研究中，吸入是主要的暴露途径，但在过去，许多研究采用气管内滴注或直接注射已知致癌物进入肺部的方法。这些实验经常导致鳞状细胞癌的发展，尽管它们作为一种自然发生的肿瘤是非常罕见的。将化学物质或颗粒注入气管或胸膜或直接注射到肺中会导致病变或反应，这可能与在更正常条件下吸入物质与了解肺癌发生机制不太相关。然而，在许多领域，我们对肺部对有毒化学物质的反应的了解仍然不完整。
The lung is constantly exposed to a large volume of inhaled air that may contain toxicant xenobiotics. With the possibility of exposure to a variety of respiratory toxicants from airborne pollutants in our environment during the course of daily activities, in occupational settings, the use of aerosol sprays for household products, and the development of inhalant bronchial therapies, pulmonary toxicology has become an important subspecialty of toxicology. The lung is susceptible to injury following hematogenous exposure to toxicants. Susceptibility to injury and the type of response following exposure to air- or blood-borne toxicants is largely dependent on the physiochemical characteristics and concentration of the toxicant, duration of exposure, site/tissue specific sensitivity, and the integrity of the defense mechanisms of the lung. In this chapter, nonneoplastic and neoplastic spontaneous lesions and those that develop in the lungs of rats following exposure to toxicants by various routes, but primarily by inhalation, are discussed in detail which provides insight into our understanding of how human lungs respond to toxic chemicals. In addition, the gross and microscopic anatomy of the rat lung is also discussed some detail. Although inhalation is the primary route of exposure in experimental studies, in the past, many studies used intratracheal instillation or direct injection of known carcinogens into the lung. These experiments often resulted in the development of squamous cell carcinomas even though they are very rare as a naturally occurring neoplasm. Instillation of chemicals or particles into the trachea or pleura or direct injection into the lung results in lesions or responses that may not be as relevant to understanding the mechanism of pulmonary carcinogenesis as inhalation of materials under more normal conditions. There remain, however, many areas where our understanding of the response of the lung to toxic chemicals is incomplete.