A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube
A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube
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极端言论中的自由市场：YouTube 上的科学种族主义和血腥运动
DOI：
10.1093/llc/fqab076
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
De Keulenaar E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
De Keulenaar E
2018年左右，YouTube因其激进功能而受到严厉批评，因为它允许极右翼演员制作仇恨视频，这些视频又通过算法推荐被放大。针对这种“算法激进化”的假设，YouTube政治的供求框架。预印本。https：//osf.io/73jys/download;，右翼YouTube：供需视角。国际新闻/政治杂志，21（2）。doi：10.1177/1940161220964767.））他认为，YouTube上的极右翼激进内容迎合了观众的需求，这表明研究人员采用了一种“供需”框架。导航这场辩论，我们的文章部署了新的方法来检查极端右翼专家和他们的观众在YouTube的所谓的“替代影响网络”（，替代影响的语言激进。数据与社会研究所。https://datasociety.net/library/alternative-influence/（于二零二零年十二月九日查阅）。为此，我们操作化的概念“极端言论”-开发占“言语语境的内在模糊性”在线（极端言论在线：仇恨言论辩论的人类学批判。《国际传播杂志》，11：1173-91）--分析了当时在该平台上蓬勃发展的右翼“血液运动”辩论亚文化。突出“种族现实主义”的主题，我们开发了一种新的混合方法的方法：重新利用极右翼网站元作为语料库，以检测与这个问题相关的独特的条款。我们使用这个语料库来分析从2008年到2018年收集的950个右翼频道的记录和评论。根据芒格和菲利普斯的框架，我们的实证研究确定了一个平台上极端言论的市场，该市场在2017年进入公众视野。
Around 2018, YouTube became heavily criticized for its radicalizing function by allowing far-right actors to produce hateful videos that were in turn amplified through algorithmic recommendations. Against this ‘algorithmic radicalization’ hypothesis, , A supply and demand framework for YouTube politics. Preprint. https://osf.io/73jys/download; , Right-wing YouTube: a supply and demand perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(2). doi: 10.1177/1940161220964767.)) argued that far-right radical content on YouTube fed into audience demand, suggesting researchers adopt a ‘supply and demand’ framework. Navigating this debate, our article deploys novel methods for examining radicalization in the language of far-right pundits and their audiences within YouTube’s so-called ‘Alternative Influence Network’ (, Alternative Influence. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/library/alternative-influence/ (accessed 9 December 2020).). To that end, we operationalize the concept ‘extreme speech’—developed to account for ‘the inherent ambiguity of speech contexts’ online (, Extreme speech online: an anthropological critique of hate speech debates. International Journal of Communication, 11: 1173–91)—to an analysis of a right-wing ‘Bloodsports’ debate subculture that thrived on the platform at the time. Highlighting the topic of ‘race realism’, we develop a novel mixed-methods approach: repurposing the far-right website Metapedia as a corpus to detect unique terms related to the issue. We use this corpus to analyze the transcripts and comments from an archive of 950 right-wing channels, collected from 2008 until 2018. In line with Munger and Phillips’ framework, our empirical study identifies a market for extreme speech on the platform, which came into public view in 2017.